ti,. : 



; <\ 



1 1 






AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION - 

COMMITTEE ON THE REVISION OF THE UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 



% REPORT 

^ 'A 



Revision of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia 



PRELIMINARY TO THE CONVENTION OF 1880. 



BEING A ROUGH DRAFT OF THE 



General Principles, Titles, and Working Formulae 
proposed for the next Pharmacopoeia. 



PREPARED AND COMPILED BY 



fo ^ CHARLES RICE, 



CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE. 



\1 



' At) Of i^Z* 



NEW YOEK 
1880. 




This Keport is not for sale. Copies may be obtained by applying to George Ross, Lebanon. I 'a., 
and inclosing the postage, six cents, in stamps. 



/ 



AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION. 

VI 

COMMITTEE ON THE REVISION OF THE UNITED STATES PHARMACOPOEIA. 



REPORT 



[EVISIOH 0F the 0« S. 



* 



PRELIMINARY TO THE CONVENTION OF 1880 



MACOPOEIA 



BEING A ROUGH DRAFT OF THE 



General Principles, Titles, and Working Formulae 
proposed for the next Pharmacopoeia. 



PREPARED AND COMPILED BY 



C H ARLES RICE 



CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE. 



NEW YORK 

1880. 









PREFACE. 



For several years past, the Revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia 
has engaged the attention of the medical and pharmaceutical professions in 
this country; and the various questions relating to the general methods to be 
followed in its reconstruction, or to the proper authority to take charge of its 
publication have been discussed at length. The credit of having most thor- 
oughly awakened interest in pharmacopceial matters undoubtedly belongs to 
Dr. E. R. Squibb, who advocated an entirely new departure, namely, the 
placing the revision under the charge and authority of the American Med- 
ical Association,* which is the representative body of the medical profession 
in the United States. This body having, however, subsequently refused to 
accept the charge, and it appearing that much valuable time would be lost in 
arguing the more abstract or theoretical side of the question, the American 
Pharmaceutical Association, at its meeting held at Toronto (Sept., 1877), 
determined to pave the way for the solution of the problem, if possible, practi- 
cally, and adopted the following preamble and resolution offered by Dr. Fred- 
erick Hoffmann: 

Whereas, The plan and method adopted for the elaboration of the 
first edition of the United States Pharmacopoeia, and subsequently contin- 
ued for its decennial revision, in consequence of the improved means of 
intercourse, and, moreover, by the altered conditions, resources, and 
requirements of the arts, sciences, and the practice of medicine and phar- 
macy, require a reform; and 

Whereas, The Pharmacopoeial Convention, as yet the only authorized 
body for revising and publishing the Pharmacopoeia, is so constituted that 
it meets for this purpose only once in ten years, and has not acted in time, 

* The principal essays, pro and contra, bearing on this subject will be found in a pam- 
phlet entitled "The American Medical Association and the United States Pharmacopoeia. 
A Reprint of the Pamphlets of Dr. H. C. Wood, Mr. Alf . B. Taylor, The Philadelphia County 
Medical Society, and the National College of Pharmacy, with a Rejoinder addressed to the 
Professions of Medicine and Pharmacy of the United States. By Edward R. Squibb, M.D., of 
Brooklyn." Brooklyn, 1877, 8vo, pp. 157. 

It was a matter of great regret that the services of Dr. Squibb could not be secured in an 
official capacity for the Committee. His reluctance to serve, we are authorized to say, was not 
due to diminished interest in the Pharmacopoeia, nor to unwillingness to work for it in the way 
to be tried by this Committee ; on the contrary, it was owing to his conviction that it would not 
be consistent for him to take a prominent part in a movement led by the American Pharma- 
ceutical Association, after it had been received with such marked disfavor when proposed to 



IV 

notwithstanding the recognized necessity of an earlier revision, to make 
the Pharmacopoeia conform with the progress and present status of 
Materia Medica and the practice of pharmacy; and 

Whereas, The American Medical Association, after a full presentation 
of this subject and of a matured plan ^for action, at its recent meeting at 
Chicago, has failed to take any action in reference to the revision of the 
Pharmacopoeia, by indefinitely postponing the proposed project; therefore^ 
Resolved, That the President of this Association appoint a committee 
of five to take into consideration the advisability and feasibility, oh the 
part of the American Pharmaceutical Association, as the national repre- 
sentative organization of the profession of pharmacy, to prepare a com- 
plete Pharmacopoeia, which may be submitted to the criticisms of the 
medical and pharmaceutical professions, and may be proposed to the final 
Committee of Revision, and that that committee be instructed to report 
early at the next session, so as to leave time for definite action at this 
meeting. 

A Committee on Revision was subsequently appointed, the members of 
which were selected with a view of having the different sections of the United 
States properly represented. Shortly after the meeting, the undersigned drew 
up a preliminary plan for reconstructing the Pharmacopoeia, which was 
sent out, as a circular, for the purpose of eliciting criticism and suggestions. 
On December 28th, 1877, a meeting of the Committee was held in New York, 
at which the published plan was fully discussed, and after various amend- 
ments, finally adopted, so that there is reason to believe that the profession 
will, at least in all important points, approve the General Principles according 
to which the revision was to be undertaken. The undersigned, then, after 
consultation with the members, allotted the various portions of the work to 
those who either expressed a preference for some particular section, or who 
otherwise seemed, from their known specialties, most competent to take 
charge of a special department. During the first year, considerable progress 
was made, as may be seen by referring to the report of the undersigned, pre- 
sented at the meeting of the Association at Atlanta (Sept., 1878), at which 
time he felt compelled to resign his office as Chairman of the Committee. 
Several months afterwards, however, when it was ascertained that the newly 
elected chairman was constrained, by reason of impaired eye-sight, to decline 
the office', the undersigned, though very reluctantly, reaccepted the position, 
in order that the undertaking might at least not fail for want of a proper 
organization. 

Previous to this period, it had already become apparent that the original 
plan of the Committee, namely, to construct a complete Pharmacopoeia, could 
not be carried out for various reasons. One of these is, that no single member 
of the Committee could afford to devote sufficient time to the work t 
Another reason is, that many determinations of values, such as specific grav- 
ity, weight of end-product, or of solid residues, and analytical data should 
only be made after the proposed processes have been finally adopted, and, if 



possible, should only be made by one and the same expert. To do this at present, 
before the formulae have been properly scrutinized, amended, and finally 
adopted, would only be a waste of time. In the course of the past year, the 
undersigned received a sufficient number of contributions to warrant him in 
beginning their compilation for, the Association. To do this properly, it was 
necessary to rewrite a large portion of the contributions received, in order to 
bring uniformity into the work, since each contributor naturally had 
employed different methods of treatment, as well as different expressions and 
language. As a specimen of the work, a Report, containing a considerable 
number of working formulae, was presented at the last meeting of the Asso- 
ciation at Indianapolis (Sept. , 1879), accompanied by a general report on the 
progress and prospects of the work. More material was in the hands of the 
undersigned, which was, however, at that time, not in a condition to be pre- 
sented, being only in the form of skeleton notes and figures. The undersigned, 
in his Report, expressly stated that the work was not of a nature to entitle it 
to be printed in the Proceedings, as it was rather of an ephemeral than of a 
permanent character; and he had no hope or expectation that another feasible 
plan for having it published, " ; would be discovered. After the presentation of 
the Report, however, it seemed to be the wish of the majority of members 
present that the work should be printed, and the following Resolution to this 
effect was introduced by Dr. George Ross: 

Resolved, That the Report of the Committee on the Revision of the 
U. S. Pharmacopoeia be printed in pamphlet form, provided the expense of 
printing be borne by the Colleges and Societies represented in the Associa- 
tion. 

While there appeared to be some difference of opinion as to the wisdom 
or propriety of publishing such a work in advance of the Decennial Conven- 
tion, the Resolution was nevertheless adopted, and a special Committee on 
Publication appointed. This Committee, soon after the meeting, issued a cir- 
cular addressed to pharmaceutical colleges and associations throughout the 
country, and also to single members or prominent firms specially interested 
in pharmaceutical matters, requesting their aid toward accomplishing the 
object in view. 

This appeal was so successful that the necessary funds, estimate^ as 
being required for the work, were in the hands of the Chairman (Dr. Ross) 
within four weeks after issuing the circular. In the mean time, the under- 
signed devoted every spare moment to the completion of the manuscript — a 
task which was frequently very onerous, for the reason that comparisons 
between several proposed formulae, or actual experiments had often to be 
made at the last moment, in order to present such formulae in a complete 
manner. 

The present Report has been compiled by the undersigned, partly from the 
contributions or memoranda received from members of the Committee, and 
other gentlemen who have given their aid, and partly from his own notes, 
either based on personal experience, or on the recorded statements of others. 



VI 

t 
If he had been able to devote his time exclusively to this work, it would, no 
doubt, be more satisfactory to him. But, being compelled to carry on the 
work at such moments only as could be spared from business, with frequent 
interruptions, and besides, wishing to preserve as much as possible the 
spirit and intent of contributors, he will not be surprised if many incongru- 
ities and defects, or even errors in calculations and processes, should be dis- 
covered, ascribable to these causes. To go over the whole manuscript a 
second time, with the necessary care, was impossible, and it was only during 
the reading of the proofs that obvious errors or misstatements could be cor- 
rected. In this latter task he has been very materially assisted by Dr. E. R. 
Squibb, Dr. Fred. Hoffmann, Mr. Paul Balluff, Prof. P. W. Bedford, and 
Mr. B. F. McIntyre, of New York, all of whom scrutinized the proofs with 
a view to eliminating palpable errors. Of course, their individual criticisms 
on matters admitting of argument are reserved until the completion of the work» 
It should be distinctly understood that the present Report does not rep- 
resent the united or unanimous views of the members of the Committee; 
and that the word Committee, wherever it occurs in the Report proper, is to be 
taken in a restricted sense, meaning one, two, or more members, who, 
on behalf of the Committee, provisionally worked up a certain subject. In 
consequence of this, the Report should be viewed as a "printed manuscript, " 
to be circulated among the members of the Committee for scrutiny, and 
correction; and at the same time to be submitted to the medical and pharma- 
ceutical professions to invite further contributions of knowledge, and criticism 
which may aid in attaining the object more completely. 

The undersigned at first intended to indicate at the foot of each formula 
the name or names of the members on whose authority the formulae were 
given or altered. But it was soon found that to do this properly, by credit- 
ing each member with his particular share, would take up much valuable 
room, and therefore the names were mostly omitted. In a number of in- 
stances, however, the names of the authorities were mentioned for obvious 
reasons. 

As soon as it was ascertained that sufficient funds for publication would 
be at the disposal of the Committee, it was necessary to decide how much 
should be printed and in what manner. Among the papers received dur- 
ing 1878 (April), there was a valuable contribution by Mr. Charles Mohr, 
in which the native vegetable crude drugs were described according to the 
plan adopted by the Committee, and about August, 1879, Dr. Fred. Hoffmann 
handed in the first part of his Report on Chemicals, in which the latter were 
likewise treated according to the general principles agreed upon. Both of 
these papers were available for publication with the present Report, but on 
mature consideration it was thought best to omit them, for several reasons. 
In the first place, both reports, though very carefully prepared and valuable in 
themselves, covered only a portion of their respective fields, and there was not 
time to make up the deficiency.* Another reason was, that their insertion 

* Mr. Mohr's report will partly appear in the forthcoming vol. 27 of the Proceedings. 



Vll 

would increase the proposed publication beyond the estimated number of 
pages, and consequently beyond the available funds in the hands of the Com- 
mittee. But the principal reason was, that it appeared to the Publication 
Committee of greater advantage,/or the present, to publish the pharmaceutical 
part of the work, containing the reconstructed working formulae, as it is 
more important to assure the correctness of these than the more theoretical, 
correct description of vegetable drugs and of chemicals. It is, of course, quite 
important that the Pharmacopoeia should give a complete and correct definition 
and description of Gelsemium or of Sodii Bromidum, for instance ; but so far as 
this preliminary Report is concerned, it is of greater importance to have a 
correct working formula for, say, Liquor Ferri Chloridi. Accordingly, the 
undersigned concluded to confine full-length descriptions to the pharmaceuti- 
cal part (including only a few chemicals), while the other articles at present 
officinal or proposed to be introduced into the new pharmacopoeia were only 
inserted by title in their proper alphabetical order, so as to present at least a 
complete frame- work around which the remainder of the text may hereafter 
be constructed. While engaged on this work, the undersigned received from 
his friend, Prof. F. A. Fluckiger, of Strassburg, a copy of the Report on the 
Revision of the German Pharmacopoeia, prepared by a committee of the 
German Pharmaceutical Association, which was found to contain so many 
excellent and useful hints and remarks, that he thought it would be of service 
to the profession to incorporate the more important portions adapted to our 
own pharmacopoeia into the present Report. 

Since the names of the contributors have in most cases been left out in 
the text, for the reasons ^stated above, the undersigned takes pleasure to 
acknowledge, in this place, the valuable contributions received from the 
following gentlemen : 
Dr. E. R. Squibb, of Brooklyn, N. Y. : Studies on Fluid Extracts, and on 

Repercolation (see Proceed. Am. Ph. Asso., 26, 708; also separately in 

pamphlet form). 
Prof. Alb. B. Prescott, M.D., of Ann Arbor, Mich.: Papers on the Assay of 

Opium and its Preparations; and on the Assay of Cinchona and Tests of 

the Cinchona Alkaloids. 
Prof. W. T. Wenzell, of San Francisco, assisted by Mr. M. Tschimer, and partly 

by Mr. J. S. Calvert : Table of Solubilities of the officinal Chemicals in 

Water.* 
California College of Pharmacy, through Mr. J. G. Steele : Commentary on 

old and new preparations, with recommendations for the next U. S. Ph. 
Prof. C. Lewis Diehl : Study of Fluid Extracts (see Proceedings, vols. 25 and 26). 
Mr. Charles Mohr : Description and Definition of Native Crude Vegetable 

Drugs, worked out in accordance with the proposed plan. 
Dr. Frederick Hoffmann : Description of a portion of the Chemicals, accom- 
panied with tests of identity and purity. 

* This table is not quite completed, and will be published hereafter. 



Till 

Prof. Emlen Painter : Transcalculation into parts by weight of a large number 
of formulae. 

Prof. P. W. Bedford : A similar contribution. 

Mr. S. A. D. Sheppard : A voluminous collection of notes, comments, and 
criticisms on pharmacopceial processes and preparations, compiled from 
the pharmaceutical literature since the appearance of the last U. S. Pharm. 
Also, in conjunction with other gentlemen of Boston, Reconstruction of 
the Working Formulae for Syrups. 

Mr. Louis Dohme : Transcalculation into parts by weight of the Iron Prepara- 
tions and of the Spirits. 

Prof. Joseph P. Remington : Study and Reconstruction of the Tinctures. 

Mr. J. U. Lloyd: Improved working formulae for various pharmaceutical 
preparations. 

Mr. W. H. Crawford : General comments on various articles in the Pharma- 
copoeia, and formulae for officinal Wines. 

Minor contributions have been received from Messrs. B. F. Mclntyre, Geo. 
W. Kennedy, Wm. Saunders, Edw. Baker, G. Zellhoefer, and others, for 
all of. which the undersigned desires to express his thanks. 
The present Report will no doubt be used by some as a basis on which to 

build up something better and more perfect for presentation to the National 

Convention, or to the Final Committee on Revision. If it shall be found to 

be of sufficient value to serve as such basis, and to be used as a starting-point 

for further improvement — with the errors contained therein eliminated — the 

labor of the Committee and of the undersigned will not have been entirely in 

vain. 

New York, Feb. 10th, 1880. CHARLES RICE. 



Report of the Committee on Publication of the Report 
on the Revision of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia. 



The undersigned Chairman of the Committee on Publication of the 
Report on the Revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia, appointed at the 
late meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, held at Indianapo- 
lis, in September, 1879, is pleased to announce the completion of the work 
assigned to the Committee. 

A circular was issued on the first of October, asking for contributions for 
publishing the Report, which was sent to Colleges of Pharmacy, State, 
County, and other Pharmaceutical Associations, to individual members of the 
Association, as well as to other persons interested in the pharmacopoeial revi- 
sion, not members of the Association; and so promptly was the call responded 
to from all parts of the Union, that before the end of the month, a sufficient 
sum of money was in the hands of the Chairman to insure its publication. 

The Committee return their hearty thanks for the timely cash responses; 
for the very many friendly words of encouragement ; and for the efficient per- 
sonal aid rendered by many friends in securing the funds. 

For the Committee, GEORGE ROSS, Lebanon, Pa. 



Committee onjhe Revision of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia 

APPOINTED BY THE 

AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL ASSOCIATION 

4 
At its Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting, held at Toronto, Sept., 1877. 

CHAELES RICE, Chairman New York, N. Y. 

FREDERICK HOFFMANN .... New York, N. Y. 

P. WENDOVER BEDFORD .... New York, N. Y. 

JOHN M. MAISCH . . . . . . Philadelphia, Pa. 

JOSEPH P. REMINGTON Philadelphia, Pa. 

CHARLES BULLOCK Philadelphia, Pa. 

GEORGE F. H. MARKOE .... Boston, Mass. 

SAMUEL A. D. SHEPPARD . . . . Boston, Mass. 

LOUIS DOHME Baltimore, Md. 

EZEKIEL H. SARGENT . . . . . Chicago, 111. 

C. LEWIS DIEHL . . / . . . Louisville, Ky. 

JOHN U. LLOYD Cincinnati, O. 

WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD . . . .St. Louis, Mo. 

CHARLES MOHR Mobile, Ala. 

EMLEN PAINTER . . . . . . San Francisco, Cal. 

WILLIAM SAUNDERS London, Ontario, Canada. 



committee on publication of the present report 

APPOINTED AT THE 

Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting, held at Indianapolis, Sept., 1879. 

GEORGE ROSS, Chairman Lebanon, Pa. 

CHARLES RICE New York, N. Y. 

C. LEWIS DIEHL Louisville, Ky. 



GENERAL PRINCIPLES 

RECOMMENDED FOR ADOPTION IN THE 

REVISION OF THE U. S. PHARMACOPOEIA: 



1. Language. — The text of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia is to be written in 
the English language; but the titles of the officinal substances and prepara- 
tions are to be given, as heretofore, both in Latin and in English. 

If However strong the arguments may be in favor of using the Latin langua ge hi 
the construction of the official text of a pharmacopoeia among certain European 
nations, where those who propose to enter the pharmaceutical profession are b y law 
required to possess a certain amount of classical knowledge; on this side of the 
Atlantic such a proceeding would be, to say the least, impracticable, as the original 
Latin text would be but seldom consulted, and most pharmacists would prefer to use 
the translation, which naturally would be published; just as most European pharma- 
cists prefer to use pharmacopoeias either originally written in, or translated into the 
vernacular. 

2. Alphabetical Arrangement. — The present division into "Materia Med- 
ica" (comprising a Primary and Secondary List) and "Preparations" is to be 
abolished, and aU articles are to be arranged in a continuous alphabetical order, 
retaining, however, such headings as Extracta, Extracta Eluida, Decocta, 
Infusa, etc., wherever it may be found useful to give general directions refer- 
ring t© the whole class. 

At the same time aU formulae for the preparation of the single members 
of each class shall be made complete in themselves. 

1 See, for instance, in the present Report the general formulae for Decocta and 
Infusa. 

3. Synonyms,— The different headings shall be accompanied, in a manner 
not interfering with the perspicuity of the text of the formulae, by a list of 
synonyms in common use. 

IT At the same time the appellations given to each preparation in the more im- 
portant foreign Pharmacopoeias— British, German, and French— (pointing out impor. 
tant differences of strength, see below, No. 17, n) might be added. All this may be in 

* These Principles have been submitted to the criticism of all the members of the Com- 
mittee, and have been, in general, approved and indorsed by all. In a few minor points 
the views of some of the members differ: where this is the case, it has been stated in the notes. 



Xll 

small type, immediately following the heading, and would certainly be a most useful 
addition. 

4. Cross-References. — At the end of each article a short paragraph is to be 
added, giving the names of all the preparations into which the substance or 
preparation, treated of in the article, enters. 

If In the present, as well as in previous Pharmacopoeias, no facility was offered to 
ascertain what officinal preparations of any given drug might be available for the phy- 
sician. In order to find the various preparations of Arsenic or Iron, for instance, the 
index had to be searched, and some would be found under A, some under F, others 
under Liquores, others under Syrupi, etc. If all the preparations derived from any 
one substance were quoted at the end of each article, this would be a great improve- 
ment. — One member of the Committee thinks this table of doubtful propriety in a 
Pharmacopoeia. 

5. Descriptions of Crude Drugs. — To all crude drugs, of animal or vegeta- 
ble origin, concise but complete descriptions are to be added, sufficient to 
indicate the distinctive characteristics visible to the naked eye, and, when 
necessary, such as are visible under an ordinary good pocket lens, magnifying 
about 10 diameters. "Where external and visible properties are insufficient to 
properly characterize the substance (as in the case of gums, resins, balsams, 
etc.), it shall be further defined by its physical and chemical properties. 

The botanical names of plants shall be accompanied by the name of the 
author. 

1 A low-power lens will be sufficient in most cases. Exceptionally a higher power 
will be required, as for instance, in the case of Starches, Lycopodium, Kamala, etc. 
The description of crude drugs has been^omitted in the following Report, for reasons 
stated in the preface. 

6. Descriptions of Chemicals.— All mineral substances, or chemical pre- 
parations, except those where differences in process produce different results, 
are to be described and defined by concise and complete tests of identity and 
purity, without giving processes. Processes for the preparation of Morphia, 
Quinia, and the other Cinchona alkaloids are to be omitted, but the articles 
"Opium" and "Cinchona" shall be accompanied with detailed processes of 
assay for the alkaloids. . • 

1 The descriptions and the tests of chemicals has been omitted in the following 
Report, for reasons stated in the preface. 

7. Chemical Formulae.— All chemicals of a definite composition should 
have their f ormulse added, both according to the old and to the new notation, 
together with their atomic or molecular weights. The formulae according to 
the new nomenclature should be distinguished by prominent type. 

H The Germ. Pharm. Rep. declares the additions of formulae of little use, because 
it is by no means certain that these formulae will not soon undergo a new reconstruc- 
tion, and nothing uncertain should enter into a legal work— as which the German 
Pharm. is to be considered ; and further, because if formulae are introduced, they 



Xlll 

should be so constructed as to give an image of their rational constitution, particularly 
in the case of organic substances, which would be impracticable. 

OH For our part we think that the formulae should be introduced wherever 

I possible. It is not at all necessary to split up the formula into all its rational 

/. \ integers. On the other hand, merely empirical f ormulae will be useless. For 

HC CH instance, under Acetic Acid we do not want the empirical formulae C 4 H 4 4 

', 'In- (° ld )> or C 2 H 4 2 (new), but the primary rational formulae: HO,C 4 H 3 3 (old> 

VV / or HC1 2B 3 2 (new). On the other hand, under Carbolic Acid, we do not want 

q the ultimate rational formula (placed in the margin), but the primary rational 

H formula, C 6 H 5 .OH. 

The introduction of these formulae into the pharmacopoeia can do no harm; on 
the contrary, it will be found a useful help for those who wish to calculate chemical 
reactions, involved in the preparation of officinal or other chemicals. Besides, in 
many cases the characterization of a substance would be incomplete without the for- 
mula, particularly in such cases where a certain amount of water of crystallization is 
required to be present. Compare below, under No. 17, Z. 

Regarding the proposed omission of processes in the case of standard chemicals t 
this is recommended solely for this reason, that different processes are followed by 
different makers, according to their individual choice or facilities for producing the 
same results. Should the want of such processes be considered a disadvantage, a 
special paragraph may be added to each article, as in some foreign pharmacopoeias 
(f. i., Pharmacopcea Norwegica), giving an outline of the method of preparation most 
usually followed. 

8. Processes for Chemicals. — In the case of those chemical preparations, 
where different processes yield different results, the process to be followed in 
each case shall be described in detail. 

1 This rule has been carried out in the following Report. 

9. Expressions of Quantity. — All measures of capacity shall be abandoned, 
and quantities'shall be expressed only in parts by iveight. In reconstructing 
the formulas of the preparations which are at present officinal, the following 
points are to be kept in view : 

a. All such tinctures, wines, etc., in which a slight variation of dose is of no 

importance, are to be made as nearly as possible of a uniform percentage 
strength ; that is, 1 part of the drug is to be made into 5 parts of tincture, 
etc., or into 10 parts of tincture, as the case may be. 

If In most of these cases the strength of the new preparations will vary more or 
less from that of the present Pharmacopoeia ; but this variation is, under the circum- 
stances, unavoidable and of no consequence. 

b. In the case of highly active preparations, as Tinctura Aconiti Radicis, 

Tinct. Nucis Vomicae, Tinct. Opii, Tinct. Veratri Viridis, the present 
strength is to be as nearly as possible retained. 

1 Nevertheless, the proportions should be made as simple as possible, if it can be 
accomplished without doing great violence to the preparations. For instance, it is 
proposed to make all liquid Opium preparations, excepting Paregoric, of such a 
strength that 100 parts will represent 10 parts of Opium. There is a growing tendency 
towards a uniformity in the strength of these preparations; and the foremost author- 
ities recommend that the less active tinctures be made of the strength of 20 per cent , 



XIV 

and the more active ones of the strength of 10 per cent. It will be worth while to 
ascertain whether this plan could not be adopted here, particularly now, as we are 
about to recast our formulae. 

10. Numerical Relation of Quantities. — The quantities, or parts by weight, 
of the ingredients entering into a composition are to be expressed in the sim- 
plest possible terms; and, whenever possible, in a decimal ratio. 

1 In many of the formulae contained in the following Report this rule has been 
observed. In others it has been disregarded for the present. The Centesimal, or per- 
centage ratio appears to be in most favor. 

11. Fluid Extracts. — The selection of the best practical process for this 
class of preparations is to be left to the final Committee of Revision. 

1 Further details on this subject will be found in the following Report under the 
heading Extracta Fluida. 

12. Temperature shall be expressed both in degrees of Centigrade and in 
degrees of Fahrenheit, thus: 00° C. (=00° F.). 

If One member recommends a Table of Thermometric Equivalents to be included 
among the tables. 

13. Definitions of Physical Properties.— Varieties and degrees of color, 
consistence, transparency, fineness of powders, etc., shall be as closely defined 
as possible. 

T For instance, in describing the color of a liquid, a definite diameter of the 
layer or column of the liquid to be examined, should be adopted. 

14. Specific Gravity. — A uniform method for taking the specific gravity 
of liquids shall be prescribed. 

1 Experience has shown that different methods of taking the specific gravity of 
liquids, in different hands, are liable to lead to different results. In order to eliminate, 
as much as possible, the errors due to accidental circumstances, a particular method, 
as well as the particular apparatus, should be clearly defined, so that there would be 
nothing left but the "personal " error of the observer. 

15. Definite Expressions of Weight. — Whenever it is necessary to employ 
definite expressions of weight, as for instance, when it is directed that a pill- 
mass is to be divided into pills containing a certain weight of one or more 
constituents, this weight is to be expressed both in decimal and in apotheca- 
ries' weight. 

1 Compare the list of Pills, Suppositories, and Troches in the following Report. 

16. Weight of Finished Product.— -In those formulae (for Syrups, Infusions, 
Elixirs, etc.), in which fixed quantities of ingredients are directed to be com- 
bined under circumstances which may involve a partial loss of any of the 
ingredients, as, for instance, where a variable amount of water may be lost 



XV 

by evaporation, the weight of the intended finished product should be speci- 
fied. 

17. Tables to be appended to the Pharmacopoeia. 

a. List of new Additions. 

1 In the following Report the proposed additions are indicated by an asterisk (*). 
This is also used occasionally to point out an addition to a title already existing, f. i., 
Extractum Jalapce *Alcoholicum. 

b. List of Articles dropped from the last Pharmacopoeia. 

1 Those articles which, in the opinion of the Committee, should be dropped, are 
indicated in the following Report by an italic d. Many others are likewise so seldom 
used in medical practice that the number to be dropped might be considerably in- 
creased. But it is necessary to be careful in this matter, because a drug which may 
be entirely unused in one section of the country may be frequently in use in another. 

c. List of Changes of Latin officinal Names. 

d. List of Changes of English officinal Names. 

IT One member of the Committee thinks that the preceding 4 lists will take up 
more room than their value seems to justify. 

e. Tables of Weights and Measures. 

t These tables may be like those at present appended to the U. S. Ph. 

The following Tables are proposed as new Additions : 

f. Table of largest single and daily Doses of Powerful Remedies. 

IT As it is often very difficult to state what the average adult dose of a given 
remedy should be, except this statement be accompanied by therapeutical notes, it 
will not be advisable to specify the doses of the officinal remedies in the text. It may, 
however, be of advantage to append a fist of the dangerous or powerful remedies, with 
their largest single or daily doses, which the pharmacist should not exceed unless he 
has positive knowledge that the physician intended the excess. 

g. Table of Solubilities of the officinal Chemicals in Water and in Alcohol, at 

15.5° C. (=60° F.), and at their boiling point. 

If It would be very useful to have the solubility of these substances determined 
%for various grades of alcohol; namely, for that of the spec. grav. 0.820 (see Alcohol in 
the following Report), and for that of the spec. grav. 0.941, which represents most of 
the tinctures. 

h. Alcoholometrical Table. 

U In view of the necessity of weighing alcohol for use in the new formulae, a de- 
tailed table giving the relationship between weight and volume of alcohol of various 
percentages, and at various temperatures, is desirable. Such a table has been pub- 
lished by Dr. E. R. Squibb in Proceed. Amer. Phann. Assoc, vol. 21, 566. 



XVI 



i. Acidimetricai Tables. 



IT That is, tables of the spec. grav. and percentage strength of the officinal liquid 
acids. These tables are not necessary, but would be a useful addition. 

k. List of Reagents, for qualitative and quantitative — including volumetric — 
use, of a fixed strength or dilution, and accompanied by a brief statement 
of their use. 

I. Table of the Elementary Substances, with their symbols, atomicity, atomic 
weight, etc. 

1 One member of the Committee prefers to have all chemical formulae given in 
this table, instead of quoting them in the text (see No. 7). Another member considers 
the table unnecessary. 

m. Weight and Volume Table. To facilitate the use of parts by weight (or, of 
the decimal system), in compounding, prescribing, and dispensing medi- 
cines, a table exhibiting the relationship between the weight and the 
measure of a given volume of any liquid preparation may be added. This 
should contain all the officinal liquids in alphabetical order. 

IT The table may have about the following shape : 



J^°™ W ^ \ 100 ° & m - measure 
(or spec, grav.) 



1047 gm. 

1212 " 

1160 " 

1420 " 

1843 " 

935 " 

750 " 

1000 " 

835 " 

818 " 

941 " 

817 " 

1490 " 

1250 " 

1355 " 

1317 " 



955 cc. 

825 

862 

754 

542 
1070 
1333 
1000 
1198 
1222 
1063 
1224 

671 

800 

738 

759 



Name of Preparation. 



Acidum Aceticum 
Acidum Lacticum . 
Acidum Muriaticum . 
Acidum Nitricum . 
Acidum Sulphuricum 
Acidum Valerianicum 
Aether .... 
Aqua .... 
Alcohol 

Alcohol Amylicum . 
Alcohol Dilutum . 
Alcohol Fortius 
Chloroformum . 
Glycerina . 
Liquor Ferri Chloridi 
Syrupus . 



Apothecaries', 



1000 min. weigh: 



994 grs. 
1151 
1101 
1348 
1749 

887 

712 

949 



776 
1414 
1187 
1286 
1250 



1000 grs. measure: 



1005 min. 

862 

907 

741 

571 
1126 
1403 
1053 
1265 
1287 
1117 
1288 

706 

842 

778 



The first column of- this table at the same time indicates the specific gravities of 
the liquids (according to the present U. S. Ph.), at 15.5° C. (=60° F.). 

n. Table of the Specific Gravity of officinal Liquids between 10 and 25° C. 
(=50-77° F.). 

T Such a table would be very useful. Similar tables already exist in some foreign 
pharmacopoeias. 



o. A Table comparing the Strength of powerful Galenical Preparations of for- 
eign Pharmacopoeias, used in this country, with those of our own. 



XV11 

1 Instead of appending a separate table, these differences of strength may be 
briefly indicated in the list of synonyms following each heading. See above, under 
No. 3. Two members of the Committee favor a separate table. 

p. A Table exhibiting the Differences in Strength of the Preparations, as made 
according to the present and the new U. S. Ph. 

q. A Table of Thermometric Equivalents. 

1 Proposed by one member. See above, under 12. 

r. A Table of Poisons and their Antidotes. 

1 Such a table was recommended in the first circular issued by the Chairman, 
but, during the discussion of the proposed Principles at the meeting of the Commit- 
tee held at New York, it was decided not to recommend its introduction. Still, it is 
but proper to state that several members of the Committee still favor such a table, 
"accompanied with directions as to the management of patients until the arrival of 
a physician." 



s. A full Index containing all the Synonyms should conclude the book. 



Explanations of Signs and Abbreviations. 

* A star before a title, "or part of a title, denotes that either the whole article, 
or that portion of the title before which it is placed, is new. 

d An italic d, placed behind a title, denotes that the article is proposed to be 
dropped from the Pharmacopoeia, in consequence of recommendations to 
this effect, received from one or more correspondents. 

? has been added after the names of substances the usefulness of which may- 
be doubted; or, which have only recently been proposed. 

Germ. Pharm. Rep. denotes the Report of the Committee on the Pharmaco 
pceia, of the German Pharmaceutical Association. (Bericht der Phar- 
macopoe-Commission des Beutschen Apotheker-Vereins, nach den 
Arbeiten der einzelnen Commissions-Mitglieder zusammengestellt vom 
Vorsitzenden der Commission, Dr. Chr. Brunnengraber, Rostock, October, 
1879, 4to, pp. 58.) The committee consisted of Mr. Biltz, Prof. Fltickiger, 
Dr. Hirsch, Mr. Hobe, Mr. Schering, Mr. Schneider, Dr. H. Trornmsdorf, 
and Dr. Chr. Brunnengraber. 

See List of Errata and Addenda at end. 



REPORT 

ON THE 

Revision of the U. S, Pharmacopeia 



N. B. — The Formulae contained in this Report should not be substituted for 
those at present officinal, until they have been submitted to and (eventu- 
ally) adopted by the next Pharmacopoeia Convention. 



Absinthium. 

Acacia. Gum Arabic. 

T The source of the finest commercial Gum Arabic is now known to be Acacia 
Senegal Willd. (=A. Verek Guillemin et Perrotet). Acacia arabica Willd. {=A. 
nilotica Desfont) and other species only yield brownish or reddish sorts. See Phar- 
macographia [2], 233. 

Acetum. Vinegar. 

H See remarks to Acetum Destillatum. 

* Acetum Aromaticum. Aromatic Vinegar. 

Take of Glacial Acetic Acid, forty parts 40 

Spirit of Lavender, eight parts 8 

Spirit of Juniper, eight parts 8 

Spirit of Cinnamon, four parts 4 

Spirit of Lemon, four parts 4 

Acetic Ether, four parts 4 

Starch, eight parts 8 

Alcohol (" Strong. Ale"), seventy parts .... 70 

Water, three hundred parts 300 

Dissolve the Spirits and the Acetic Ether in the Alcohol, and add the 
Glacial Acetic Acid. Then very gradually add the Water, shaking after each 
addition. Rub the Starch with a small quantity of the turbid liquid until it 
forms a uniform mixture, then add the remainder of the liquid, and filter 
through a wetted filter. 

H This is used in considerable quantities in some parts of the country, particularly 
in hospitals, as a grateful perfume and lotion for the body. The above formula is 
much easier of execution than that of the Germ. Ph., and yields a fine product. 



Acetum Destillatum. Distilled Vinegar. 

Take of Vinegar, eight parts 8 

Distil, by means of a sand-bath, from a glass retort into a glass 
receiver, seven parts 7 

Distilled Vinegar may be substituted for Diluted Acetic Acid in the pre- 
paration of the officinal vinegars. 

IT Instead of quoting here the tests of the U. S. Ph., it might be stated that both 
the crude and the distilled Vinegar should be dropped from the Ph. entirely, since at 
the present time pure and cheap Acetic Acid has become a more abundant article in 
the market than pure vinegar. 

Acetum Lobeliae. Vinegar of Lobelia. 

Take of Lobelia, in moderately coarse powder, one part ... 1 
Diluted Acetic Acid, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Moisten the powder with one-half of its weight of Diluted Acetic 
Acid, pack it firmly in a conical glass percolator, and gradually pour 
upon it Diluted Acetic Acid, until the percolate weighs eight parts . . 8 

This vinegar may also be prepared by macerating 

Lobelia, in moderately coarse powder, one part 1 

in Diluted Acetic Acid, eight parts 8 

for seven days, then expressing the liquid, washing the residue with 
sufficient Diluted Acetic Acid, and filtering, so that the product weighs 
eight parts 8 

1 As ordinarily conducted, the alternate processes of percolation and maceration 
do not generally yield entirely identical products. Percolation, which has the advan- 
tage of cleanliness, neatness, and dispatch, introduces personal errors, arising from 
differences in packing and other minor causes, whereby the menstruum, instead of 
fully penetrating each particle of powder, and fully charged with the soluble con- 
stituents, may find its way between the particles without entirely penetrating them, 
so that two tinctures prepared by two different persons from the same powder with 
the same menstruum, although both weighing an equal number of parts, will probably 
represent different proportions of constituents and menstruum, in equal weights as 
well as in equal measures of the product. The process which yields the truest results 
is maceration, that is, bringing together the accurately weighed substance and men- 
struum, and allowing the latter to penetrate the former thoroughly, by prolonged 
contact. When the liquid, both inside and outside of the particles of the substance, 
has become perfectly uniform in composition, it is removed by expression. The 
quantity of expressed liquid obtained depends on the power applied, either by hand 
or by a press, and does not depend on professional skill. Of course, the whole of the 
liquid cannot be separated, as a portion is retained by the substance, even under the 
strongest pressure, but this is of no importance, since every portion of the liquid, 
either separated from or still retained in the substance, is of uniform composition, 
and the only difference will be that he who possesses the strongest power, will have a 
larger quantity of product to use or to sell. It is, theoretically, wrong to add fresh 
liquid to the residue, and by renewed expression to make up to a certain quantity, 
because this action is again liable to introduce a personal error. 

It must not be inferred, however, that the writer (or, so far as he is aware, any 
member of the Committee) recommends the abandonment of the process of percola- 
tion for that of maceration. The object of making the above statements is simply to 



show that practical pharmacists are perfectly aware of the necessity of using due 
care in following the process of percolation. The great advantage of obtaining, by a 
clean process, at once a bright filtered percolate in a moderately short time, is believed 
to outweigh the trifling, and (as experiment has shown) in most cases almost insigni- 
ficant differences of products obtained by maceration. 

Acetum Opii. Vinegar of Opium. Black Drop. 

Take of Opium, dried and in moderately coarse powder, six parts 6 

Nutmeg, in moderately coarse powder, one part . . 1 

Sugar, ten parts 10 

Diluted Acetic Acid, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Macerate the Opium and Nutmeg in 

Diluted Acetic Acid, twenty parts 20 

for twenty-four hours. Put the mixture into a conical glass perco- 
lator and return the liquid which first passes, until the percolate becomes 
clear. Then gradually pour on Diluted Acetic Acid until the percolate 

weighs twenty-six parts 26 

In this dissolve the Sugar, and, having strained the solution, add suf- 
ficient Diluted Acetic Acid through the strainer to make the product 
weigh forty parts . 40 

Present Formula. Approximations. 

Opium, 51. . . ! 2,400 grs. 12 6 

Nutmeg, 15.. . . 480 " 2 1 

Sugar, 8 5. • • • 3,840 " 19 10 

Dil. Acet. Ac. . 

Total Product, 32 fl. 5 . . 15,972 " 80 40 

The spec. grav. of Acet. Opii, prepared according to the present U. S. Ph., is about 
1.073. One grain of opium is contained in 6.65 grains, or in 6.4 minims of the pro- 
duct. When prepared by the process given above, 1 grain of opium is contained in 
6.6 gr. of product, being therefore identical with the former. 

It seems, however, about time to abolish the useless and perplexing differences in 
strength of the liquid opium preparations. The choice of one or another of these, on 
the part of the prescribing physician, is not induced by the relative quantity of opium 
each contains, but by the peculiar properties imparted to it through particular pro- 
cesses or combinations. How many physicians retain the different opium-strength 
of all these preparations in their memory, and, for that matter, how many of them, 
when prescribing, pay any attention to it ? As we are about changing our pharmaco- 
poeial processes by the exclusive use of parts by weight, now is the proper time to 
introduce a much-needed reform, namely, to make all liquid opium preparations, 
with the exception of Paregoric, of the strength of 10£. The previous and the pro- 
posed strength of liquid opium preparations of the U. S. Ph. is then : 

Name of Preparation. Present U. S. Ph. Future U. S. Ph. 

1 grain of Opium rep. by 1 grain of Opium rep. by 

Acetum Opii . 6.4 min. 10 grains. 

Tinct. Opii . . 12.8 " 10 " 

Tinct. Opii Acetata 10 " 10 " 

Tinct. Opii Deodorata 12.8 " 10 " 

VinumOpii . 8 10 " 

Tinct. Opii Camphorata 256 " 250 " 
This change would not be violent, and would insure the proportions to be readily 
retained by the memory. 



The formula for Acetum Opii would then become, as near as may be expressed in 
percentage: 

Opium, dried, and in moderately coarse powder, ten parts . . .10 

Nutmeg, in moderately coarse powder, two parts .... 2 

Sugar, twenty-five parts . . . .25 

Diluted Acetic Acid, a sufficient quantity . . . . . q. s. 

To make the whole product weigh one hundred parts .... 100 

Acetum Sanguinariae. Vinegar of Bloodroot. 

Take of Bloodroot, in moderately coarse powder, one part . . 1 
Diluted Acetic Acid, a sufficient quantity . . q. s. 

Moisten the powder with one-half of its weight of Diluted Acetic 
Acid, pack it firmly in a conical glass percolator, and gradually pour upon 
it Diluted Acetic Acid until the percolate weighs eight parts ... 8 

This vinegar may also be prepared by macerating 

Bloodroot, in moderately coarse powder, one part 1 

with Diluted Acetic Acid, eight parts 8 

for seven days, then expressing the liquid, washing the residue with 
sufficient Acetic Acid, and filtering, so that the product weighs eight 
parts 8 

Acetum Scillae. Vinegar of Squill. 

Take of Squill, sliced, one part 1 

Diluted Acetic Acid, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Moisten the Squill with four times its weight of Diluted Acetic 
Acid and when the latter has been absorbed, pack the swelled mass 
into a conical glass percolator, and pour Diluted Acetic Acid on top, until 
the percolate weighs eight parts 8 

This vinegar may also be prepared by macerating 

Squill, sliced, one part 1 

with Diluted Acetic Acid, eight parts 8 

for seven days, expressing the liquid, washing the residue with sufficient 
Diluted Acetic Acid and filtering, to make the product weigh eight parts 8 

Achillea (d). 

Acida. Acids. 

1 Dr. B. Hirsch, in a pamphlet discussing the general principles which should be 
followed in constructing a pharmacopoeia, t proposes to make the solutions of alka- 
lies, acids, and other chemicals of such a strength that equivalent quantities of the 
solutions would saturate each other chemically. Thus, 100 parts of diluted hydro- 
chloric, sulphuric, nitric, acetic, or phosphoric acid should saturate and neutralize 
exactly 100 parts of water of ammonia, solution of potassa or soda, solution of car- 
bonate of potassium. The strength should be so arranged that each 100 grammes of 
a solution contain one-half or one-fourth (in the case of acids which saturate two 

I Ueber die der Bearbeitung einer Pharmakopoe zu Ch-unde zu legenden Prindpien. Von 
Dr. B. Hirsch, Apotheker. 4to, Berlin, 1876, p. 19. 



atoms of base) of the molecular weight of the substance in grammes, so that 200 
grammes— or 400 grammes, as the case may be— of the solution are equivalent to the 
full molecular weight. We would then have the following solutions: 



Solution of, or Diluted 


Contains in 100 grammes 


Spec. Grav. 


Sulphuric Acid, 


24.5 gm. of H 2 S0 4 , 


1.175. 


Nitric Acid, 


31.5 " ofHN0 3 , 


1.195-1.196. 


Hydrochloric Acid, 


18.25 " of HC1, 


1.089-1.090. 


Acetic Acid, 


30. " ofC 2 H 4 2 , 


1.042. 


Phosphoric Acid, 


24.5 " ofH 3 P0 4 , 


1.148-1.149. 


Ammonia, 


8.5 " ofNH 3 . 


0.965-0.966. 


Potassium Carbonate, 


34.5 " ofK 2 C0 3 , 


1.352-1.353. 


Potassa, 


23.5 " ofKHO, 


1.265-1.275. 


Soda, 


15.5 " ofNaHO, 


1.224-1.228. 



Acidum Aceticum. 

Acidum Aceticum Dilutura. 

Take of Acetic Acid, one part 

Distilled Water, seven parts 



Diluted Acetic Acid. 



Mix them. 



Char. — Diluted Acetic Acid has the spec. grav. 1.006 (?) ; and one hundred 
parts of it neutralize parts of bicarbonate of potassium. It is affected by 

reagents in the same manner as Acetic Acid. 



* Acidum Aceticum Glaciale. — Acidum Arseniosum. 
Acidum Benzoicum. 



Benzoic Acid. 



1 The Germ. Pharm. Rep. has the following: Benzoic acid is soluble in 500 parts of 
water at 15° C, in 15 parts of water at 100° C, and in 1 part of alcohol of 0.830 at its 
boiling point. Test for Cinnamic Acid : 0.1 gm. of benzoic acid is triturated with 0.1 
gm. of permanganate of potassium, the whole heated with 1 cc. of water, in a closed 
test-tube, to 60° C, then allowed to cool. Any odor of oil of bitter almonds, which may 
now be perceptible, is due to cinnamic acid. On rubbing together 1 gm. of benzoic 
acid and 0.5 gm. of permang. of potassium in a mortar, even in the cold, the odor of 
oil of bitter almonds will become obvious, if cinnamic acid be present. Benzoic 
acid must be soluble in pure, cold, concentrated sulphuric acid ; on gently warming, 
the solution must not turn more than brownish. Poured into water, the benzoic 
acid is again separated as a white precipitate, and the liquid is colorless. It should 
not possess an odor recalling that of urine. 

* Acidum Boracicum. — A. Carbolicum. — A. Carbolicum Impurum. — A. Chro- 
micum. 



Acidum Chrysophanicum. 



Chrysophanic Acid> 



H Although it has been shown that the substance known by this name, and chiefly 
obtained from Goa-powder, is in reality no acid, the name seems to have become so 
well established that it will be awkward to change. 



Acidum Citricum. 

T A test for lead is to be added. 



Citric Acid. 



Acidum Gallicum. 

* Acidum Hydrobromicum Dilutum. Diluted Hydrobromic Acid. 

Take of Bromide of Potassium, six parts 6 

Sulphuric Acid, spec. gr. 1.838 at 15.6° C. (60° F.) ; or 

spec. gr. 1.828 at 25° C. (77° F.), seven parts ... 7 

Water, nine parts 9 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Add the Sulphuric Acid to Water, one part 1 

and cool the mixture. Then dissolve the Bromide of Potassium in 

Water, six parts 6 

by the aid of heat, supplying the loss of water by evaporation during the 
heating. Pour the Diluted Sulphuric Acid into the hot solution with 
constant stirring, and set the mixture aside for twenty-four hours, so 
that the sulphate of potassium may crystallize. Pour off the liquid into 
a retort, break up the crystalline mass, transfer it to a funnel, and having 
drained the crystals, drop slowly upon them Water, two parts . . 2 

so as to displace and wash out the acid liquid. Add the liquid thus 
drained off and washed out to that in the retort, and distil the whole 
nearly to dryness, or until nothing further distils off by moderate heat- 
ing. Then add to it such an amount of Distilled Water that 20 test-parts 
of pure and dry Carbonate of Calcium are accurately saturated by 95 
test-parts of the Acid. 

Char. — A limpid, colorless, odorless liquid, of a strongly acid taste, having 
a spec. gr. of 1.274 at 15.6° C. (60° F.), or of 1.257 at 25° C. (77° F.). It yields no 
precipitate, or at most only a faint cloudiness with chloride of barium (absence 
of more than traces of sulphuric acid). When pure zinc is added to it, it 
yields a gas which does not blacken paper moistened with solution of acetate 
of lead (absence of sulphurous acid). On evaporation it yields no residue, or 
at most only a trace. 

If This is Dr. E. R. Squibb's process, with the exception of the method of assay. 
The method proposed above is believed to be more expeditious and sufficiently exact : 
CaCO 3 (100)+2HBr(2x81=162)=CaBr 2 +CO 2 +H 2 O; as we wish to produce an acid of 
34% HBr, we find that 162 parts of 100$ acid corresponds to 476.47 parts of a 34% acid. 
Hence 476.47 parts of the acid saturate 100 parts of CaC0 3 , or in smaller proportion, 
95 [short for 95.3] parts of the acid saturate 20 parts of CaC0 3 . 

The term "test-parts" means such small parts (grains or centigrammes, etc.) as 
are usually chosen for tests, in contradistinction to the larger " working parts " of a 
formula. 



Acidum Hydrochloricum. HydrochloHc Acid. 

Syn. Acidum Muriaticum. Muriatic Acid. 

1 It is proposed to drop the antiquated name " Muriatic." 



Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum. Diluted Hydrochloric Acid. 

Syn. Acidum Muriaticum Dilutum. Diluted Muriatic Acid. 

Take of Hydrochloric acid, one part 1 

Distilled Water, three parts ...... 3 

Mix them. 

f Diluted Muriatic Acid of the present U. S. Ph. has the spec. gr. 1.038. 

Without taking account of any contraction of the mixture, 1 pint would consist of: 

HC1 (spec. gr. 1.160) 1,744 min. or 1,920 grs. 

H 2 5,936 min. or 5,635 grs. 

7,680 min. 7,555 grs. 

The nearest approach to the relative weight of HC1 and H 2 is : 

1,920 1,920 1 

5,635 5,769 3 
which will slightly alter its spec. gr. 

Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilutum. Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid. 

Take of Ferrocyanide of Potassium, in mod. fine powder, tiventy 

parts 20 

Sulphuric Acid, ten parts 10 

Diluted Alcohol, sixty parts .60 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity .... q. s. 

Introduce the Ferrocyanide of Potassium into a tubulated retort, and 

pour upon it Distilled Water, forty parts 40 

Connect the neck of the retort, which is to be directed upwards, by 
means of a bent glass tube with a well-cooled Liebig's condenser, the 
delivery tube of which terminates in a receiver containing 

Diluted Alcohol, sixty parts 60 

so that the end of the tube almost touches the surface of the liquid during 
the whole distillation. All the joints of the apparatus excepting the neck 
of the receiver having been made tight, pour into the retort through the 

tubulure a mixture of Sulphuric Acid, ten parts 10 

and Distilled Water, ten parts 10 

Agitate the retort gently, and then heat it, standing in a sand-bath until 
the contents are in brisk ebullition, and continue the heat regularly until 
there is but little liquid mixed with saline mass remaining in the 
retort. Detach the receiver, and add to its contents 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

so that 100 test-parts of the product shall be accurately precipitated by 
12.7 test-parts of nitrate of silver. 

Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, when wanted for immediate use, may also be 
prepared in the following manner : 

Take of Cyanide of Silver, fifty parts 50 

Hydrochloric Acid, forty-one parts 41 

Distilled Water, forty-six parts 46 

Mix the Hydrochloric Acid with the Distilled Water, add the Cyanide of 



8 

Silver, and shake the whole together in a glass-stoppered vial. When the pre- 
cipitate formed has subsided, pour off the clear liquid and keep it for use. 

Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid must be kept in small, well-corked bottles, 
protected from the light. 

Char. — A colorless liquid, having a peculiar odor, and wholly volatilized 
by heat. It imparts a faint, evanescent red color to litmus, and is not dis- 
colored by hydrosulphuric acid. With solution of nitrate of silver, added in 
slight excess, 100 parts of it produce a white precipitate, which, when com- 
pletely washed with water, and dried at a temperature not exceeding 100° C. 
(or 212° F.) weighs 10 parts, and is wholly soluble in nitric acid. 

Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, prepared by the above processes, contains 2 
per cent of the anhydrous acid. 

If The first of the above processes employs a portion of alcohol as a means of pre- 
serving the product. The writer has never used alcohol for this purpose, but he has 
made during a number of years many gallons of the acid, each separate lot of 
which was mixed with 0.1% of pure sulphuric acid, without the contents of a single 
bottle ever spoiling, even on long keeping. 

Acidum Lacticum. — A. Muriaticum (see A. Hydrochloricum). — Acidum 
Nitricum. 

Acidum Nitricum Dilutum. Diluted Nitric Acid. 

Take of Nitric Acid, two parts . . . . . . . . 2 

Distilled Water, nine parts 9 

Mix them. 

If The spec. grav. of the Dil. Nitric Acid of the present U. S. Ph. is 1.068. One pint 
of this consists of 1,440 grains of Nitric Acid and 6,347 grains of Water, being in the pro- 
portion of 2 to 9 (nearly). 

Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum. Nitroliydrochloric Acid. 

Syn. Acidum Nitromuriaticum. Nitromuriatic Acid. 

Take of Nitric Acid, three parts 3 

Hydrochloric Acid, Jive parts 5 

Mix the acids in an open glass vessel, and when effervescence has ceased, 
keep the product in a glass-stoppered bottle, in a cool place, protected from 
the light. 

Char. — A liquid of a deep golden-yellow color, possessing the odor of 
chlorine. It readily dissolves gold-leaf, and is wholly volatilized by heat. It 
should be preserved in a dark and cool place. 

Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum Dilutum. Diluted Nitrohydrocliloric Acid. 

Syn. Acidum Nitromuriaticum Dilutum. Diluted Nitromuriatic Acid. 

Take of Nitric Acid, one par t . 1 

Hydrochloric Acid, two parts 2 

Distilled Water, twelve parts 12 



9 

Mix the acids in a glass-stoppered bottle, having the capacity of the 
intended product. Shake them together occasionally during 24 hours, and 
then add the water. Keep in a cool place, protected from the light. 

•" These are as nearly as possible the present proportions. 

* Acidum Oleicum. Oleic Acid. 

"~ The Germ. Pharm. Rep. has the following: An oily liquid of a yellow to yel- 
lowish-brown color, insoluble in water, but completely soluble in its own weight of 
alcohol of 0.830. It is completely saponified by carbonate of potassium at a gentle 
heat. At a temperature of 10-12° C. about one-half of its bulk, and below 4° C. the 
whole of it congeals to a whitish cry stalline mass (Hirsch). Equal volumes of oleic 
acid and of alcohol of 0.830, heated to 25° C, should give a clear solution, without 
separation of oily drops on the surface. 

The " Acidum Oleicum " of the pharmacopoeia may be at once defined as " deprived 
of the more solid fatty acids." However, a separate " Acidum Oleicum Purificatum " 
may be introduced. 

Acidum Oxalicum. 

* Acidum Phosphoricum Fortius. Stronger Phosphoric Acid. 

Take of Phosphorus, three parts 3 

Nitric Acid, a sufficient quantity . ■ . . q. s. 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix Nitric Acid, tiventy-five parts 25 

with Distilled Water, twenty-five parts 25 

in a porcelain capsule of twice the capacity of the intended product. 
Add the Phosphorus, cut into small pieces, and invert over the capsule a 
glass funnel of such dimensions that its rim may rest on the inside, 
above the surface of the liquid. Place the capsule on a sand-bath, and 
apply a moderate heat, until the reaction is seen to commence. Regulate 
the heat carefully, so as to prevent the reaction from becoming too violent, 
or, if need be, check it by the addition of a little Distilled Water. If red 
vapors cease to be evolved before the Phosphorus is all dissolved, add 
gradually more Nitric Acid, diluted with an equal weight of Distilled 
Water, until solution is effected. Then, having removed the funnel, 
continue the heat, until the excess of Nitric Acid is driven off, and there 
remains a syrupy liquid, free from odor and weighing eight parts [?] . 8 

Test a small sample for phosphorous and arsenic acids by the methods 
indicated in the note. Should phosphorous acid be present, add to the 
syrupy liquid a mixture of 

Nitric Acid, two parts . • 2 

and Distilled Water, two parts 2 

and again evaporate until the excess of Nitric Acid is driven off, and the 

product weighs eight parts [?] 8 

If arsenic acid be present, dilute the syrupy liquid with 

Distilled Water forty parts 40 

warm gently, and pass through it a stream of hydrosulphuric acid gas, 



10 

until it is thoroughly saturated with the latter. Then close the vessel 
tightly, set it aside for 24 hours, filter the liquid, heat it until all excess 
of the gas has been driven off, again filter, and finally evaporate, until 
the residue weighs eight parts . .8 

Char. — A colorless, inodorous, syrupy liquid, of the spec. grav. . . . 
Having diluted two small samples of it with 5 volumes of water, and having 
gently warmed each, the first is not rendered black by nitrate of silver, nor 
the second turned white or whitish by bichloride of mercury (absence of phos- 
phorous acid). A sample diluted with 5 volumes of water, and gently warmed, 
does not deposit a bright-yellow sediment, after being saturated with sulphu- 
retted hydrogen, and standing at rest for some time (absence of arsenic acid). 
A crystal of pure sulphate of iron introduced into a cold mixture of equal 
parts of sulphuric acid and of the syrupy acid does not produce a black or 
brownish color in the liquid. No precipitate is produced by chloride of barium 
(absence of sulphuric acid), or nitrate of silver (absence of hydrochloric acid), 
when either of them are added in small proportion. When diluted with . , . 
parts of water, so as to be of about the spec. gr. 1.056-1.060, it produces no 
precipitate with an equal bulk of tincture of chloride of iron after standing for 
several hours (absence of pyro-, and metaphosphoric acids). 

100 parts of it are saturated by . . . parts of bicarbonate of potassium 
and no precipitate is produced. 

If There can be no question but that a stronger acid should be made officinal than 
one of spec. grav. 1.056, and that the alternative process of the present U. S. Ph., in 
which the glacial acid is used, should be abandoned, owing to the impurities always 
present in the latter. It remains to be decided what strength should be given to the 
officinal acid. A very pure and concentrated acid, of spec. gr. 1.700, is now made on 
the large scale, and large quantities of it imported into this country. This appears to 
be the most advantageous. Others have advocated an acid of spec. gr. 1.350. This may 
be prepared by adding to 32 parts of the strong acid (sp. gr. 1.700) 21 parts of water. 

Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum. Diluted Phosphoric Acid, 

Take of Stronger Phosphoric Acid, parts 

Distilled Water, parts 
Mix them. 

1 The proportion of water and stronger acid depends on the strength of the latter 
recognized by the future U. S. Ph. At present the spec. grav. of Diluted Phosphoric 
Acid is 1.056, which corresponds to 7.39$ of P 2 5 . 

Acidum Phosphoricum Glaciale (d). 

* Acidum Salicylicum. Salicylic Acid. 

1 The Germ. Pharm. Rep. has the following: White, light, needle-shaped crystals, 
soluble in 300 parts of cold, more easily in boiling water and very easily soluble in 
alcohol, ether, and hot chloroform. When heated, it volatilizes, accompanied with 
the odor of carbolic acid, without leaving any residue. The aqueous solution of the 
acid is colored violet-red by a few drops of solution of chloride of iron. A solution of 
1 part of the acid in 10 parts of alcohol, mixed with a few drops of nitric acid, should 
not become turbid on the addition of solution of nitrate of silver. The alcoholic solu- 



11 

tion, when allowed to evaporate spontaneously, should leave a perfectly white resi- 
due (Schering). 

Acidum Sulphuricum. 

Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum. Aromatic Sulphuric Acid. 

Take of Sulphuric acid, twelve parts 12 

Ginger, in moderately fine powder, two parts . . 2 

Cinnamon, in moderately fine powder, three parts . . 3 

Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Add the Acid gradually to 

Alcohol (Strong. Ale"), twenty-five parts 25 

and allow the liquid to cool. Mix the Ginger and Cinnamon, and, having 
packed them firmly in a conical percolator, pour Alcohol gradually upon 
them, until the percolate weighs twenty-six parts 26 

Lastly mix this with the diluted acid. 

Present Formula. • Approximation. 

Sulphuric Acid . . . 6^ 2,880 grs. 12 

Ginger .... 1? 480 " 2 

Cinnamon . . .1X1 720 " 3 

Alcohol ... 10 6,088 " 25 

Tincture . . . . 10 ab. 6,240 " 26 

Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum. Diluted Sulphuric Acid. 

Take of Sulphuric Acid, one part 1 

Distilled Water, seven parts 7 

Add the Acid gradually to the Distilled Water. 

Char. — The spec. grav. of this acid is 

H 1 pint of Ac. Sulph. Dil. of the present U. S. Ph. (spec. gr. 1.082) weighs 7,880 
grs., and contains 960 grs. of H 2 S0 4 , and 6,988 grs. of H 2 0, which is very nearly in the 
proportion of 1 to 7. 

Acidum Sulphurosum. Sulphurous Acid. 

Take of Sulphuric Acid, eight parts 8 

Charcoal, in coarse powder, one part .... 1 

Distilled Water, thirty-four parts 34 

Pour the Acid upon the Charcoal, previously introduced into a flask, and 
shake them together. Connect the flask, which should be provided with a 
safety-tube, with a washing-bottle, and this, by means of a bent glass tube, 
reaching nearly to the bottom of it, with a two-necked bottle containing the 
Distilled Water. To the other neck of this bottle attach another bent tube, 
and let it dip slightly into a solution of carbonate of sodium. All the joints 
having been properly luted, apply heat to the flask, imbedded in a sand-bath, 
until gas ceases to be evolved, preventing the temperature of the Distilled 
Water from rising, by means of cold water applied to the bottle containing 



12 

it. Lastly pour the Sulphurous Acid into dark orange-colored glass-stoppered 
bottles of the capacity of 240 cubic centimetres, or 8 fl. ounces, and keep them 
in a cool and dark place. 

Char. — Characteristics the same as in the present U. S. Ph. 

II The proportions are the same as at present. 

Acidum Tannicum.— A. Tartaricum.— A. Valerianicum. 

Aconitia. Aconitia. 

IT If the present preparation is to be retained, it should rather be called "Aco- 
nitinum," as it is a mixture of several active principles. If "Aconitia" is to be 
retained, the process should be altered in accordance with the results of the investi- 
gations of 0. R. A. Wright; or its characteristics should be so worded as to apply to 
the pure alkaloid. 

Aconiti Folia. — Aconiti Radix. — Adeps. 

* Adeps Jasmini. Jasmine Pomade. 

If This is placed here because it has been decided to introduce a formula for 
Cologne, and the ingredients for preparing the latter should also be introduced. See 
Spiritus Odoratus. 

/Ether. 

* iEther Aceticus. Acetic Ether. 

1 The Germ. Phar. defines it as " a colorless liquid, free from acid, and having a 
spec. gr. of 0.900-0.904. Shaken with an equal volume of water, the latter should not 
increase in bulk more than one-tenth." The Germ. Pharm. Rep. remarks on this: " The 
water used for shaking up with the ether is to be slighly tinged with blue litmus solu- 
tion; in this manner the test for free acid and for alcohol may be performed at the 
same time." 

iEther fortior. 

Alcohol. Alcohol. 

Spirit of the specific gravity 0.820 at 15.6° C. (=60° F.) or 0.812 at 25° C. 
(=77° F.), containing 91 parts by weight and 94 parts by measure of absolute 
alcohol. 

IT It is proposed to drop the term "Alcohol," as applied in the present U. S. Ph. 
to an alcohol of the spec. gr. 0.835, and to apply it to the " Stronger Alcohol," which 
the U. S. Ph. heretofore designated as " Alcohol fortius." There is no need of hav- 
ing three kinds of alcohol in the pharmacopoeia: the strong, the common, and the 
dilute. Alcohol of about 94 (93-94$ by vol.) may be readily obtained in the market, 
and the other grades may be made from it. Alcohol fortius was heretofore defined 
as having a spec. gr. of 0.817, but this appears to be a higher grade alcohol than the 
market generally affords; hence the spec. grav. 0.820 is suggested as probably repre- 
senting the average strength of the commercial, so-called 95$ alcohol. 

The Germ. Pharm. Rep. adds this test: Mixed with ammonia, it must remain 
colorless. Any tannin present would at once cause the mixture to assume a brownish 
color. 



13 

Alcohol Amylicum.— * Alcoholaturae (see Tinct. ex Herb. Rec.).— * Alcohol 
Deodoratum (?for Cologne). 

Alcohol Dilutum. Diluted Alcohol. 

Take of Alcohol (as above described), three parts .... 3 

Distilled Water, four parts 4 

Mix them. 

The specific gravity of this Diluted Alcohol is 0.941 (nearly). 

Diluted Alcohol of this specific gravity may be made from Alcohol of any 
strength by either of the following rules, in which all terms are understood 
to denote weight: 

1. Divide the alcoholic percentage strength of the alcohol to be reduced 
by thirty-nine (39), and subtract one (1) from the quotient. This gives the 
number of parts of water to be added to one part of the alcohol to be reduced 
(Tidball). 

2. Subtract 39 times the percentage of water in the alcohol to be reduced 
from 61 times the percentage of absolute alcohol in the same alcohol, and 
divide the difference by 3900. The quotient will express the number of parts 
of water to be added to 1 part of the alcohol (Wenzell). 

Alcohol Fortius (d ; see Alcohol). 

Allium. — * Aloinum (?). — Aloe Barbadensis. — Aloe Capensis. 

Aloe Purificata. Purified Aloes. 

Take of Socotrine Aloes, eight parts 8 

Alcohol ( t; Strong. Ale. "), one part .... 1 

•" Directions same as at present. 

Aloe Socotrina. — * Alstonia (?). — Althaea. — Alumen. — Alumen Exsiccatura. — 
Aluminii et Potassii Sulphas. — Aluminii Sulphas. — Ammoniacum. — 
Ammonii Benzoas. — Ammonii Bromidum. — Ammonii Carbonas. — Am- 
monii Chloridum. 

Ammonii Chloridum Purificatum. Purified Chloride of Ammonium. 

T The process should be improved by directing the ammonia to be added to the 
solution, after the heat has been removed, and the solution is merely warm; and to 
filter after the solution has stood for some time and become quite cold. 

Ammonii Iodidum. — Ammonii Nitras. — * Ammonii Phosphas (?). — Ammonii 
Sulphas.— Ammonii Valerianas.— Amygdala Araara- Amygdala Dulcis. 

* Amyl Nitris. Nitrite of Amyl. 

1 The Germ. Pharm. Rep. gives the following characteristics: A pale-yellow 
liquid of a disagreeable odor, causing headache and a rush of blood to the throat. It 
is scarcely soluble in water, but miscible in all proportions with alcohol, ether, and 



14 

chloroform. It boils between 94° and 100° C. (201°-212° F.). Its spec. grav. is 0.878- 
0.882 at 15° C. It burns with a fawn-colored flame. On shaking 10 cc. of nitrite of 
amyl with 2 cc. of a mixture of water of ammonia (1 part) and water (9 parts), the 
latter should not redden blue litmus paper. Gently warmed with solution of nitrate 
of silver and water of ammonia, it should not turn black (Bannoiv). 

Amylum. — Angustura (d 9). — Anisum. — Anthemis. — Antimonii et Potassii 
Tartras. — Antim. Oxidum. — Antim. Oxysulphuretum. — Antimonium Sul- 
phuratum. — Apocynum Androsaemifolium. — Apocynum Cannabinum. 

* Apomorphiae Hydrochloras. Hydrochlorate of Apomorphia. 

If The Germ. Pharm. Rep. has the following : A grayish-white crystalline powder, 
mixed with small, colorless, shining crystals, and soluble in water. When exposed 
to damp air, it turns green. The aqueous solution should be colorless and neutral to 
test-paper ; when warmed, it rapidly turns green without losing its neutral reaction. 
The salt is insoluble in ether and chloroform. Should it impart color to either of these 
liquids, it is to be rejected. 

Aquae. Waters. 

Aqua. 

Aqua Acidi Carbolici. Carbolic Acid Water. 

Take of Carbolic Acid, two parts 2 

Distilled Water, ninety-eight parts 98 

Dissolve the Acid in the Distilled Water. 

1 The proportions directed by the present U. S. Ph. are 1 part of Carbolic Acid and 
60.7 parts of Water. The Carbolic Acid is introduced in form of glycerite. The above 
formula directs the Acid itself, and makes the product 2%, or a trifle stronger. 

Aqua Acidi Carbonici. Carbonic Acid Water. 

If The present U. S. Ph. formula will answer. 

Aqua Ammoniae. Water of Ammonia. Solution of Ammonia. 

Char. — A transparent, colorless liquid, of a very pungent odor, and leaving 
no residue when evaporated on a water-bath. It has the spec. gr. 0.960, and 
contains 10 per cent of ammoniacal gas. 

One hundred parts of it are neutralized by 30 parts of officinal sulphuric 
acid, and the resulting hot liquid should be quite free from empyreumatic 
odor. It remains clear, or is at most only rendered slightly turbid when mixed 
with 5 times its volume of lime-water (absence of more than -fa% of carbonic 
acid : Biltz). When accurately saturated with nitric acid, and diluted with 5 
volumes of distilled water, the liquid should remain clear on the addition of 
nitrate of silver (absence of chlorides), and chloride of barium (absence of sul- 
phates). It should give no reaction, either before or after neutralization with 
nitric acid, on the addition of hydrosulphuric acid (absence of metallic oxides 
or salts). It should remain clear on the addition of oxalate of ammonium 
(absence of lime). 



15 

It should be preserved in glass-stoppered bottles in a cool place. 

1 The Germ. Pharni. Rep. has the following: 32 parts of water of ammonia (of 10$) 
should dissolve 11.1176 parts of air-dry crystallized oxalic acid, without efferves- 
cence, to a neutral, colorless, odorless, and clear liquid, which is not altered by sul- 
phide of ammonium, nor, after addition of an acid, by sulphuretted hydrogen, even 
after standing for some time. Empyreumatic substances are recognized by allowing 
a sample of the water of ammonia to evaporate one-half, and saturating this with 
sulphuric acid ; any empyreuma is then detected by the odor {Fluckiger).—A. test for 
impurities derived from the toluol series, by means of concentrated nitric acid, is to be 
added (Bernbeck). 

Aqua Ammoniae Fortior. 

Aqua Amygdalae Amarae. Bitter Almond Water. 

Take of Oil of Bitter Almonds, one part 1 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, four parts . . 4 

Distilled Water, one thousand parts 1000 

Rub the oil first with the Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium and then 
with the Water, gradually added, and filter through a well-wetted filter. 

1 This preparation may be retained in the U. S. Ph., not as a medicinal, but as a 
flavoring agent. The amount of the hydrocyanic acid in the oil, even if still present, 
is so minute that it can have no important effect. 

The present strength is 1 part of Oil in 908 parts of Water. The above formula 
renders the proportions more simple. 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium has been substituted throughout for Carbon- 
ate of Magnesium as a medium of triturating and subdividing essential oils, etc. The 
former salt is soluble in water to the extent of only about 1 in 1,000,000, and it does 
not render the solutions alkaline, which latter property makes Carb. Mag. objectionable 
for medicated waters, as they are apt to precipitate alkaloids etc. 

Aqua Anisi. Anise Water. 

Take of Oil of Anise, one part 1 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, four parts . . 4 

Distilled Water, five hundred parts . . . . • . 500 

Rub the Oil, first with the Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, then with 
the Distilled Water, gradually added, and filter through a well-wetted filter. 

Or : Mix Anise, in coarse powder, one part 1 

with Water, twenty parts . 20 

and distil off ten parts 10 

II The present strength is 1 part of Oil in 520 of Water. 

Aqua Aurantii Florum. Orange Flower Water. 

Take of Recent Orange Flowers, two parts 2 

Water, ten parts . 10 

Mix them, and by means of steam, distil off five parts ... 5 

11 Same strength as at present. 



16 

Aqua Camphorae. Camphor Water. 

Take of Camphor, four parts ' , . 4 

Alcohol (" Stronger Ale"), four parts .... 4 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, eight parts ... 8 

Distilled Water, five hundred parts 500 

Dissolve the Camphor in the Alcohol, triturate the solution with the 
Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, then with the Distilled Water, very 
gradually added, and filter through a well-wetted filter. 

1" This makes a stronger solution than the formula of the present U. S. Ph., 
owing to the slight increase in Alcohol, whereby the Camphor is more thoroughly 
incorporated with the first portions of the Water. The present proportions, reduced 
to weight are: Camphor, 3.78; Alcohol, 1; Carb. Magn., 7.6; Dist. Water, 460 parts. 

Aqua Chlorinii. Chlorine Water. 

Take of Black Oxide of Manganese, in fine powder, four parts . 4 

Hydrochloric Acid, twenty-four parts .... 24 

Water, thirty parts . 30 

Distilled Water, one hundred and fifty parts . . . 150 

Introduce the Oxide into a flask, add the Acid, previously diluted with 

Water, fifteen parts 15 

and apply a gentle heat. Conduct the generated chlorine, by suitable tubes, 
through the remainder of the Water contained in a small wash-bottle, to the 
bottom of a bottle having the capacity of five hundred parts of Water, into 
which the Distilled Water has been introduced and the neck of which is loosely 
stopped with cotton. When the air has been entirely displaced by the gas, 
disconnect the bottle from the apparatus, and having inserted the stopper, 
agitate the contents, loosening the stopper from time to time, until the gas 
ceases to be absorbed. Lastly, pour the Chlorine Water into small bottles, 
provided with glass-stoppers, fill them to the neck, so as to exclude all air ? 
close them securely, and keep them in a cool, dark place. 

Char. — Chlorine Water is a greenish-yellow, clear liquid, possessing the 
suffocating odor of chlorine. It instantly decolorizes dilute solutions of 
litmus, indigo, and other vegetable coloring matters. When shaken with an 
excess of mercury until the odor of chlorine has disappeared, the remaining 
liquid, after nitration, should be at most but faintly acid (absence of more 
than traces of hydrochloric acid). 

On adding one hundred parts of Chlorine Water to a solution, in dilute 
hydrochloric acid, of 2.25 parts of dry ferrous sulphate, prepared by precipita- 
tion with alcohol, the mixture does not decolorize a dilute solution of per- 
manganate of potassium (presence of more than 0.3$ of chlorine). On using 3 
parts of dry ferrous sulphate in this test, the mixture, on the addition of solu- 
tion of ferricyanide of potassium, assumes a blue color, or shows a blue pre- 
cipitate (presence of less than 0.4$ of chlorine). 



17 

Aqua Cinnamomi. Cinnamon Water. 

Take of Oil of Ceylon Cinnamon, one part 1 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, four parts . , 4 

Distilled Water, five hundred parts 500 

Rub the Oil, first with the Precip. Phosphate of Calcium, then with the 
Water, gradually added, and filter through a well-wetted filter. 

Or : Mix Ceylon Cinnamon, in coarse powder, three parts ... 3 

with Water, fo rty parts 40 

and distil off ticenty parts 20 

1 Same strength as at present. 

Aqua Creasoti. Creasote Water. 

Take of Creasote, one part 1 

Distilled Water, one hundred parts 100 

Mix them, and agitate the mixture until the Creasote is dissolved. Then 
filter through a well- wetted filter. 

1 The present strength is 1 to 116. 

Aqua Destillata. Distilled Water. 

Take of Water, forty parts 40 

Distil off two parts 2 

using a glass or tin condenser, and throw this first portion away. Then 

distil off thirty-tico parts 32 

Preserve it in glass-stoppered bottles. 

Char. — Distilled Water is insipid, colorless, and inodorous, and leaves no 
residue on evaporation. Its transparency or color is not affected by hydro- 
sulphuric acid (absence of metallic salts), chloride of barium (absence of sul- 
phuric acid), nitrate of silver (absence of chlorine), or oxalate of ammonium 
(absence of lime). Boiled for 5 minutes with a few drops of solution of potas- 
sium permanganate (sufficient to impart to it a faint rose tint), and an equal 
number of drops of sulphuric acid, the tint is not destroyed (absence of 
organic matter). Distilled Water for pharmaceutical uses is at most only 
faintly clouded by lime-water (presence of traces of carbonic acid), and by a 
2% solution of mercuric chloride followed by a 2% solution of carbonate of 
potassium (presence of traces of ammonia). Distilled Water for analytical 
purposes must give no reactions with the two last-named tests. 

Aqua Fceniculi. Fennel Water. 

Take of Oil of Fennel, one part 1 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, four parts . . 4 

Distilled Water, five hundred parts 500 



18 

Rub the Oil, first with the Prec. Phosphate of Calcium, then with the 
Water, gradually added, and filter through a well-wetted filter. 

Or : Mix Fennel, in coarse powder, three parts 3 

with Water, forty parts 40 

and distil off twenty parts 20 

1 Same strength as at present. 

Aqua Menthse Piperitae. Peppermint Water. 

Take of Oil of Peppermint, one part 1 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, four par ts . . 4 

Distilled Water, five hundred parts 500 

Rub the Oil, first with the Prec. Phosphate of Calcium, then with the 
Water, gradually added, and filter through a well-wetted filter. 

Or : Mix Peppermint, three parts 3 

with Water, forty parts 40 

and distil off twenty parts . . 20 

1 Present strength 1 in 560. 

Aqua Menthae Viridis. Spearmint Water. 

Take of Oil of Spearmint, one part 1 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, four parts . . 4 

Distilled Water, five hundred parts 500 

Rub the Oil, first with the Prec. Phosphate of Calcium, then with the 
Water, gradually added, and filter through a well-wetted filter. 

Or : Mix Spearmint, three parts 3 

with Water, forty parts 40 

and distil off twenty parts 20 

f Present strength 1 in 556. 

Aqua Rosae. Rose Water. 

Take of Recent Pale Rose, two parts 2 

Water, ten parts 10 

Mix them and distil off five parts . . 5 

When it is desirable to keep the Rose for some time before distilling, it 
may be preserved by being well mixed with half its weight of chloride of 
sodium. 

1 Same strength as at present. The Germ. Pharm. Rep. adds : As an exception, 
this water may be prepared from the essential oil [the Germ. Pharm. prepares all 
aromatic waters by distillation] by thoroughly shaking 2 drops of oil of rose with 1 
litre of lukewarm water. Or it might be permitted to use the commercial concen- 
trated rose-water, and to dilute it like the commercial Orange Flower Water [1 to 1 of 
Distilled Water]. 



19 

Aralia Nudicaulis (d). — Aralia Spinosa (d). 

* Araroba. Goa Powder. 

S From Andira Araroba Aguiar. 

Argenti Cyanidum. — Argenti Nitras. — Argenti Nitras Fusa. 

* Argenti Nitras Fusa cum Chloride Fused Nitrate of Silver ivith Chloride. 

r The small percentage of chloride of silver, about 5%, necessary to impart tough- 
ness to sticks or cones of caustic, hardly makes sufficient difference to retain both of 
the preceding preparations in the pharmacopoeia. As the chloride is not a therapeutic 
constituent, the title " Argenti Nitras Fusa " may be unhesitatingly applied to the 
variety containing chloride. 

Argenti Oxidum. — Argentum. 

Arnica". Arnica. 

t The root should be made officinal, either in addition to, or in place of the flowers. 
We would then have: " Arnica? Flores," " Arnicae Radix." 

Arsenici Iodidum. Iodide of Arsenic. 

Take of Iodine, in coarse powder, four parts 4 

Arsenious Acid, in fine powder, one part .... 1 
Distilled Water, fifty parts 50 

Add the Iodine to the Distilled Water contained in a tall glass cylinder, and 
by means of an appropriate apparatus, pass through it a steady current of 
hydrosulphuric acid gas, until all the iodine has disappeared. Filter the 
liquid from the separated sulphur, and boil it to expel the excess of the gas. 
Then pour it into an evaporating dish, add the Arsenious Acid, and heat 
until the latter is dissolved. Filter the solution, if necessary, and finally 
evaporate it to dryness. 

f This is Mr. Jas. F. Babcock's process, published in the Proc. Amer. Pharm. 
Assoc, vol. 23, p. 693. The reaction is the following : As 2 03-f6HI=2Asl3-f-3H 2 0. 

The product is in orange-red crystalline scales of definite composition, thus having 
a decided advantage over the present product of the U. S. Ph., and it is capable of 
combining with its full equivalent of iodide of mercury. 

Asafcetida. — Asarum. — Asclepias Incarnata. — Asclepias Syriaca. — Ascle- 
pias Tuberosa. — Atropia. — * Atropiae Salicylas. — Atropiae Sulphas. — 
* Attenuationes (see Elaterinum). — Aurantii Amari Cortex. — Aurantii 
Dulcis Cortex. — Aurantii Flores. — * Aurantii Folia (?). — * Auri et Sodii 
Chloridum (AuCl 3 .NaC1.2H 2 0). 

Avenae Farina (d). Oatmeal. 

r There is hardly any need of making this substance officinal, as it is a common 
article of food. The same may be said of Tapioca, Sago, Maranta, and Ovum. 

Azedarach (d). 



20 

* Balsamum Dipterocarpi. Gurjun Balsam. 

Syn. Balsamum Ghirjunicum ; B. Gurjunce. Wood Oil. 

f, A balsam obtained by incisions from the trunks of various species of Diptero- 
carpus. 

Balsamum Peruvianum.— Balsamum Tolutanum. 

1 The Germ. Pharm. Rep. remarks to the latter : If Balsam of Tolu contains com- 
mon resin, heating it with sulphuric acid produces vapors of sulphurous acid. 

* Baptisia.— Barii Carbonas.— * Bebeeriae Sulphas (?)— * Belae Fructus. — 

Belladonnae Folia. — Belladonnae Radix. 

* Benzinum. Benzin. 

Syn. JEther Petrolei. Petroleum Ether. Petroleum Benzin. 

Char. — A colorless, transparent, and highly inflammable liquid, obtained 
by distillation from American petroleum, and possessing a slight odor of the 
latter. When poured drop by drop into the palm of the hand, it evaporates 
rapidly without leaving any odor. It is not miscible with water, but swims 
on the surface. Its spec. gr. ranges from 0.670 to 0.675, and it boils at a 
temperature of 50° to 60° C. (=122° to 140° F.). When heated for a few min- 
utes with one-fourth of its volume of spirits of ammonia and a few drops of a 
solution of nitrate of silver, the ammoniacal liquid should not turn brown 
(absence of foreign pyrogenous products and of sulphur compounds). It is 
soluble in not less than 6 times its weight of 90$ alcohol (difference from and 
absence of benzol). On mixing equal parts of fuming nitric acid and benzin in 
a test-tube, and gently heating, the benzin assumes at most only a faint yellow 
color (difference from and absence of benzol). 

It should be preserved in well-closed vessels, in a cool place, and away 
from lights or fires. 

IF Should be introduced. To be used in the preparation of Charta Sinapis, Oleo- 
resins, Extr. Lactucarii Fluidum, etc. 

Benzoinum.— * Berberinae Sulphas (or another salt?).— Berberis.— * Bismuthi 
Citras.— Bismuthi Subcarbonas.— Bismuthi Subnitras. 

1 The Germ. Pharm. Rep. says : It is preferable to write Bismutum without h, 
like Cobaltum, Argentum. Up to the present time it is undecided whether the puri- 
fication of bismuth from arsenic succeeds better by fusing it with nitrate of potas- 
sium and caustic soda, or by the process directed in the Germ. Pharm. |see the 
English translation] under Bismuthum Subnitricum. Should it be preferred to purify 
the metal itself by fusion, a separate article, "Bismutum purum," should be intro- 
duced. But if the method of the Germ. Pharm. is to be retained, it is to be improved 
by directing the precipitation with water to be repeated until the precipitate is free 
from arsenic. It is also suggested to add that the salt when dried at 120° C. (=248° F.) 
loses 3-5$ of water, and, when ignited, loses 79 to 82$ of its weight. The test for 
arsenic is to be performed by boiling the subnitrate for some time with solution of 
potassa, free from chlorides, and then introducing into the filtered alkaline solution a 
few pieces of bright iron-wire and some zinc filings. On warming, if any arsenic was 



21 

present, arseniuretted hydrogen is eliminated, which may be detected with paper 
impregnated with nitrate of silver. (Solution of potassa extracts from the bismuth 
salt both arsenious and arsenic acids.) Lead is to be detected by sulphuretted 
hydrogen. 

Bismuthum.— * Boldus (?)— Brayera. — Brominium. — * Bryonia. — Buchu. — 
Cadmii Sulphas. — Caffea. 

*Caffeina. Caffeine. 

T The alkaloidal powers of this substance are so feeble that it may just as well be 
denominated like neutral principles, namely " Caffeinum." 

Calamus (unpeeled). — * Calcii Bromidum. — Calcii Carbonas Praecipitata. — 
Calcii Chloridum. — Calcii Hypophosphis. — * Calcii Iodidum. — Calcii 
Phosphas Praecipitata. — * Calcii Sulphuretum. 

K It would be preferable to substitute the termination -idum for -uretum here and 
in other cases. 

* Calendula. — Calumba. — Calx. — Calx Chlorinata. — Camphora. — * Cam- 

phora Monobromata. — Canella. — Canna (d). — Cannabis Americana (d). — 
Cannabis Indica. — * Cantharidinum. — Cantharis. — Capsicum. 

* Carbasus. Gauze Muslin. 

1 This and the following, perhaps, do not properly belong into a pharmacopoeia. 
Nevertheless, the propriety of introducing them deserves argument. The muslin- 
gauze is to be denned as being of loose texture, having about 30 to 36 threads to the 
linear inch. The brand " Stillwater " muslin is the best. 

*Carbasus Antisepticus. Antiseptic Gauze. 

Take of Resin, in coarse powder, forty parts 40 

Castor Oil, four parts 4 

Carbolic Acid, ten parts . , 10 

Alcohol (" Strong. Ale"), one hundred and seventy parts 170 
Gauze-muslin, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Dissolve the Resin, Castor Oil, and Carbolic Acid in the Alcohol. Then 
immerse in the mixture folded pieces of gauze-muslin, and allow them to ma- 
cerate for 15 minutes, or until they are thoroughly saturated. Remove the 
excess of liquid by strong pressure, spread them out horizontally, and as soon 
as the alcohol has nearly evaporated, fold them and preserve them in air-tight 
boxes. 

H Antiseptic Gauze, prepared by the above method (after Prof. Bruns), is equally 
effective and much more pliable than that prepared by the original process of Lister. 

Carbo Animalis. 



22 

Carbo Animalis Purificatus. Purified Animal Charcoal. 

Take of Animal Charcoal, in fine powder, one part .... 1 

Hydrochloric Acid, one part , 1 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

If Directions same as at present. 

Carbo Ligni. — * Carbonei Bisulphidum. — Cardamomum. — Carota (d). — Car- 
thamns (d). — Carum. — Caryophyllus. — Cascarilla. 

* Cassia. Cassia Bark. Chinese Cinnamon. 

If As it is altogether uncertain whether Cinnamomum aromaticum Nees is the 
source of Chinese Cinnamon, it would be an advantage to choose for this a separate 
pharmaceutical name. The term Cassia is readily understood. See also Oleum. 
Cassioe. 

Cassia Fistula.— Cassia Marilandica.-— Castanea.— Castoreum {d ?)— Cata- 
ria (d). 

* Catechu. Catechu. 

If The Germ. Pharm. Rep. says : Gambir Catechu, which occurs in the market of 
very uniform quality, and consists of unaltered catechin, besides being soluble in 2 
parts of boiling water, is better than the Cutch or Catechu from Pegu. At least its 
use should not be forbidden.— [We have in a former report likewise advocated the 
substitution of gambir for cutch.] 

Cera Alba. — Cera Flava. 

If The Germ. Pharm. Rep. says : To test wax, it is boiled with a cold saturated 
solution of soda or cold saturated solution of borax. If it is pure, it rises to the top, 
while the lower aqueous liquid is clear. If the wax was adulterated with stearin, 
vegetable wax, tallow, or resin it does not separate, but the whole mass is uniformly 
thick. On heating 50 to 80 parts of fuming sulphuric acid with 1 part of wax, the 
latter, if pure, is decomposed; any paraffin or ceresin, however, which may be present 
are separated. 

White Wax requires at least 30 to 35 parts of ether, at 15° C, for solution. 

Yellow Wax fuses at 63°-64° C. 

Ceratum (see Ceratum Simplex). 

Ceratum Cantharidis. Cantharides Cerate. Blistering Cerate. 

Take of Yellow Wax, seven parts 7 

Resin, seven parts '7 

Lard, ten parts 10 

Cantharides, in very fine powder, twelve parts . . 12 

Melt the Wax, Resin, and Lard by a gentle heat, strain the mixture 
through muslin, add the Cantharides, and keep the mixture in a liquid state 
for half an hour, stirring occasionally. Then remove it from the water-bath, 
and stir it constantly until cool. 



23 

Ceratum Cetacei. Spermaceti Cerate. 

Take of Spermaceti, one part 1 

White Wax, three parts 3 

Olive Oil, five parts . . 5 

Melt the Spermaceti and Wax on a water-bath, then add the Olive Oil, 
previously heated on the water-bath, and stir the mixture constantly until cool. 

Ceratum Extracti Cantharidis. Cerate of Extract of Cantharides. 

Take of Cantharides, in fine powder, five parts .... 5 

Acetic Ether, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Resin, three parts 3 

Yellow Wax, six parts 6 

Lard, seven parts 7 

Pack the Cantharides tightly into a conical percolator, and pour 

Acetic Ether on top, until thirty parts 30 

of percolate are obtained, or, until the drug is exhausted. Recover the 
Acetic Ether by distillation on a water-bath, until the residue amounts to 

about 5 parts 5 

Then transfer it to a tared porcelain capsule, and evaporate it, until it . 

weighs two parts 2 

Add to this the Resin, Wax, and Lard, previously mslted together, and keep 
the whole at the temperature of 100°C. (=212°F.) for fifteen minutes. Lastly, 
strain the mixture through muslin, and stir it constantly until cool. 

1 The stronger alcohol of the present Pharm. is here replaced by Acetic Ether, the 
latter being a much better menstruum. 

Ceratum Plumbi Subacetatis. Cerate of Subacetate of Lead. 

Goulard's Cerate. 
Take of Solution of Subacetate of Lead, nine parts .... 9 

Yellow Wax, ten parts 10 

Benzoated Lard, twenty parts 20 

Olive Oil, four parts 4 

Liniment of Camphor, one part 1 

Melt the Wax and Lard on a water-bath, and add the Olive Oil and Lini- 
ment of Camphor. Remove the vessel, stir the mixture until it begins to 
thicken, and then add the solution of Subacetate of Lead, stirring constantly 
with a wooden spatula until the cerate is cold. 

1 The present U. S. Ph. has two alternate processes, which, calculated into parts 
by weight, are as follows: 
I. Sol. Subacet. Lead ... 48 II. Sol. Subacet. Lead . . . 9 

White Wax .... 64 Cerate 30 

Olive Oil 128 Olive Oil 4 

Camphor .... 1 Liniment of Camphor . . 1 

241 44 

There is no necessity of two formulae. The second is preferable, provided yellow 
wax and benzoated lard are substituted for the cerate. 



24 

Ceratum Resinae. Resin Cerate. Basilicon Ointment. 

Take of Eesin, five parts 5 

Yellow Wax, two parts 2 

Lard, eight parts . 8 

Melt them together on a water-bath, strain the mixture through muslin, 
and allow it to cool without stirring. 

1 As the Germ. Pharm. Rep. observes, the ointment should not be stirred, as it 
will remain perfectly uniform without this. Stirring produces the opposite result. 

Ceratum Resinae Compositum. Compound Resin Cerate. 

Take of Resin, twelve parts . . . 12 

Suet, twelve parts 12 

Yellow "Wax, twelve parts 12 

Turpentine, six parts 6 

Flaxseed Oil, seven parts 7 

Melt them together on a water-bath, strain the mixture through muslin, 
and stir it constantly until cool. 

IT Cotton-Seed Oil is preferable to Linseed Oil in this preparation. 

Ceratum Sabinae. Savin Cerate. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Savin, one part 1 

Resin Cerate, four parts 4 

Melt the Resin Cerate on a water-bath, add the Fluid Extract of Savin, 
and continue the heating until the Alcohol has evaporated. Then stir until 
cool. 

1 Strength as at present. The spec. gr. of Fl. Extr. of Savin is about 0.939, ace. 
to Mr. E. W. Runyon. 

Ceratum Saponis. Soap Cerate. 

Take of Soap Plaster, four parts . 4 

Yellow Wax, five parts 5 

Olive Oil, eight parts 8 

Melt together the Soap Plaster and Wax on a water-bath, add the oil, and 
after continuing the heat for a few minutes, remove the vessel, and stir the 
mixture until cool. 

Ceratum Simplex. Simple Cerate. 

Syn. Ceratum simplex, 1850. — Ceratum Adipis, 1860. — Ceratum, 1870. 

Take of White Wax, one part 1 

Lard, two parts 2 



25 

Melt them together on a water-bath, and stir the mixture constantly until 
•cool. 

T The title of this should be changed back to Ceratum Simplex. 

Ceratum Zinci Carbonatis. Cerate of Carbonate of Zinc. 

Take of Precipitated Carbonate of Zinc, two parts .... 2 
Simple Cerate, ten parts 10 

Mix them thoroughly. 

Cerii Oxalas.— -* Cerii Nitras. 

Cetaceum. Spermaceti. 

1 The Germ. Pharm. Rep. says : Melts at 50-54° C. It should not be colored, and 
should be soluble in 10 parts of boiling alcohol, spec. gr. 0.810. The solution should 
not redden blue litmus-paper (absence of stearic acid). After allowing the solution 
to cool and filtering, the filtrate is rendered only cloudy by the addition of water, 
without the appearance of a precipitate (absence of stearic acid). 

Cetraria. 

Charta Cantharidis. Cantharides Paper. Blistering Paper. 

Take of White Wax, eight parts 8 

Spermaceti, three parts . 3 

Olive Oil, four parts , 4 

Canada Turpentine, one part 1 

Cantharides, in moderately fine powder, one part . . 1 

Water, ten parts 10 

Mix all the substances in a tinned vessel, and boil gently for two hours, 
constantly stirring. Strain through a woolen strainer without expressing, and 
keep the mixture in a liquid state by means of a water-bath in a shallow, flat- 
bottomed vessel with an extended surface. Coat strips of sized paper, on one 
side only, with the melted plaster, by passing them successively over the sur- 
face of the liquid, and cut the strips when dry into rectangular pieces. 

Charta Sinapis. Mustard Papa. 

Take of Black Mustard, in fine powder, one part .... 1 

Benzin, three parts 3 

or a sufficient quantity 
Solution of Gutta Percha, a sufficient quantity . . q. s. 

Pack the Black Mustard tightly in a conical percolator, and pour upon it 
the Benzin until the percolate ceases to produce a permanent greasy stain 
upon blotting paper. Remove the exhausted Mustard from the percolator, 
and dry it by exposure to the air. Then mix the Mustard with so much of 
the solution of Gutta Percha as may be necessary to give it a semi-liquid 



26 

consistence, and apply the mixture, by means of a suitable brush, to pieces of 
rather stiff, well-sized paper, four inches square, so as to completely cover one 
side of it, and allow the surface to dry. 

Each square of paper should contain about 6 grammes (=90 grains) of 
Mustard. 

Before being applied to the skin, let the Mustard Paper be dipped for 
about 15 seconds in warm water. 

Chenopodium. — Chimaphila. — *Chinoidinum. — * Chiretta (better Chirata). 
Chloral. {Hydrate of) Chloral. 

1 The Germ. Pharm. Rep. adds : Dry, transparent, colorless crystals of distinct 
rhomboidic shape. On dissolving chloral (hydrate) in 5 parts of alcohol, spec. gr. 
0.830, the solution should not redden blue litmus paper moistened with water. Melted 
chloral (hydrate) solidifies at 46° C. (=115° F.). 

* Chloral Butylicum (Syn. Croton-Chloral). 

Chloroformum Purificatum. Purified Chloroform. 

Take of Commercial Chloroform, tivo hundred parts . . . 200 

Sulphuric Acid, forty parts 40 

Alcohol ("Strong. Ale"), two parts 2 

Carbonate of Sodium, ten parts ..... 10 

Lime, in coarse powder, one part 1 

Water, nineteen parts 19 

Add the Acid to the Chloroform, and shake them together occasion- 
ally during twenty-four hours. Separate the lighter liquid, and add to it 
the Carbonate of Sodium, previously dissolved in the Water ; agitate the 
mixture thoroughly for half an hour, and set it aside ; then separate the 
Chloroform from the supernatant layer, mix it with the Alcohol, transfer 
it into a dry retort, and having added the Lime, distil by means of a 
water-bath into a well-cooled receiver, taking care that the temperature 
in the retort does not rise above 67.2° C. (or 153° F.) until the residue in 
the retort amounts to one part 1 

Keep the distilled liquid in glass-stoppered bottles. 

\ The text of the present U. S. Ph. reads : "... Then separate the Chloroform 
from the supernatant layer, and mix it with the Alcohol. When the mixture has sep- 
arated into two transparent layers, transfer the Chloroform into a dry retort. . .'* 
This is evidently an oversight, and should be corrected, as above. 

Chloroformum Venale.— Chondrus. — Cimicifuga.— Cinchona.— Cinchona Fla- 
va. — Cinchona Pallida. — Cinchona Rubra. 

Report on Pharmacopceial Assay Methods for Cinchona Barks and Tests 

for Cinchona Alkaloids. 

(By Prof. Alb. Bj Prescott.) 

Present evidences indicate that the most important requirements for all 

cinchona barks is that of percentage of total alkaloids. The restriction of our 



27 

present pharmacopoeia, that the "two per cent of alkaloids" shall be those 
"which yield crystallizable salts," will undoubtedly receive the attention of 
the Committee of Revision. If it is required that the total alkaloids shall be 
those which form crystallizable salts, an assay method should be provided to 
secure this requirement. The exclusion of amorphous alkaloids imposes much 
additional difficulty in providing an assay process suitable for general use. 
At present, I suggest assay methods for only two requirements : that of per- 
centage of total cinchona alkaloids, and that of quinia equivalent to percent- 
age of its crystallized sulphate. I presume the valuation of red barks will be 
based, as now, on percentage of the entire alkaloids (crystallizable or other- 
wise). Yellow bark may have only a required percentage of quinia ; or it 
may be required to have a certain percentage of quinia, and also a certain 
percentage of total alkaloids. If anything is required of the pale barks, it 
will be, of course, total alkaloids, f 

A required yield of 2 per cent of quinia sulphate (7£ aq.) is equivalent to 
requirement of 1.72 per cent of quinia (3 aq.) ; and a yield of 2 per cent of the 
latter is represented by 2.33 per cent of the crystallized sulphate. But 2 per 
cent of quinia, as dried on the water-bath, and containing about 4.28 per cent 
of water, are equivalent to about 2.6 per cent of crystallized sulphate (with 7^ 
aq.). 

I propose, first, De Vrij's method for finding the total alkaloids.:}: I con- 
sider this a very direct and expedient process, but open to one objection: the 
waste of precipitated alkaloids in their water washing. "The least suffi- 
cient quantity of water" should still be enough to wash away all the sodium 
sulphate, and if the sodium sulphate is all removed, there is a serious loss of 
quinia, as the writer has verified. § The other alkaloids, also, are wasted, but 
their solubilities have been less closely determined. To leave behind some 
foreign matter by imperfect washing, and thus compensate for loss of alkaloids, 
is mere guess-work. There seems to be no prospect of finding a coefficient 
of solubility for correction in the case of the mixed alkaloids. It is chiefly 
to avoid this washing of precipitated alkaloids that I propose an alternative 
method, one with the separation of all the alkaloids, from the acidulated water 
solution, by repeated extraction with chloroform after liberating the alkaloids 
with an alkali. I have used like methods, becoming now familiar to all ana- 
lysts, for many estimations of alkaloids. The British Pharmacopoeia extracts 
the dry residue with chloroform, in case of red bark, and with ether for 
quinia separation in case of yellow bark. The complete removal of alkaloids 
by chloroform in valuation of scale preparations has been attested by Mr. 



t The pharmacopoeial percentages of alkaloids in barks are and have been comparatively 
low. Ours, of 2%, total crystallizable, alike for yellow and red barks, is certainly below a fair 
average quality. Red barks average a higher percentage of total alkaloids than yellow barks. 
Yet the Br. Ph. provides that yellow bark shall contain 2 per cent of quinia (ether soluble); and 
red bark, \y> per cent of total alkaloids (chloroform soluble). 

% J. E. De Vrij : Phar. Jour, and Trans. [8], iv., 241, Sept. 27th, 1873. Pro. Am. Pharm. 
Asso., 1874, xxii., 268. Attfield's Chemistry, Am. Ed. of 1879, 601. 

§Am. Jour. Pharm., xlix., 481, Oct., 1877. 



28 

Palmer, f However, I have not made such trial of this chloroform extraction 
process as can warrant me now in recommending its adoption for the phar- 
macopoeia. If time permits, I will subject it to trial in comparison with De 
Vrij's process, examining the amount and purity of the yield by each method; 
and I offer it in the desire that others may try it, and report as to its merits. 

For general use, the exhaustion of the bark by De Vrij's method seems to 
me sufficient. For the analyst in much practice, a more satisfactory exhaus- 
tion of the bark, in mixture with lime, is by continuous percolation with 
warm chloroform, on the plan of Tollens and others 4 

Estimation of Total Alkaloids. — De Vrij's Process. 

Of the bark, in fine powder, and dried at 100° C, mix 20 grams with milk 
of lime, made from 5 grams of lime and 50 grams of water, and by a very gen- 
tle heat thoroughly dry the mixture. Heat it, in a flask, with 200 cubic centi- 
metres of stronger alcohol to boiling. When cool, pour on a filter of about 15 
centimetres' diameter. Einse the flask and wash the filter with 200 cubic centi- 
metres of the alcohol, used in several portions, letting the filter drain after 
each portion. Slightly acidulate the liquid with dilute sulphuric acid, letting 
any resulting precipitate subside ; decant upon a very small filter, and wash 
this with a little alcohol. Distil or evaporate the filtrate to expel all the 
alcohol, cool, and pass through a small filter, washing with water slightly 
acidulated with sulphuric acid, until the washings are not made turbid by solu- 
tion of soda, [a] The filtrate is now concentrated, and while still warm, pre- 
cipitated by a decided excess of solution of soda. If the alkaloids melt, the 
mixture must be cooled, and the precipitate pulverized. The precipitate is 
now collected on a filter, washed with the least sufficient quantity of water, 
and drained. The moist filter is laid upon successive pieces of blotting paper 
until nearly dry, the precipitate carefully detached from the paper, and dried 
in a weighed capsule on the water-bath till it ceases to lose weight. The 
grams of the dried precipitate multiplied by 5 give the percentage of total 
alkaloids in the bark. 

Modification of De Vrij's Process.— Proposed for Trial. 

Proceed as stated above in De Vrij's process to [a], and then continue as 
follows : Concentrate the filtrate to the volume of 50 cubic centimetres or 
less. Transfer, rinsing with a little water, to a glass separator of 100 to 150 
cubic centimetres' capacity (a cylindrical vessel fitted with a cork at the 
upper end, and drawn out and closed with a stop-cock or flexible tube and 
pinch-cock at the lower end). Add solution of soda in decided excess ; then 
at once add 30 to 40 cubic centimetres of water-washed chloroform, stopper, 
agitate for a few minutes, set aside for an hour or two, and draw off the clear 
chloroform layer. In the same way, extract with three smaller portions of the 
chloroform, using in all 120 to 130 cubic centimetres of this solvent. The 



tPharm. Jour, and Trans. [3], vii., 89, July 29th, 1876; Pro. Am. Phar. Asso., 1877, xxv., 302- 
*B. Tollens: Zeitschrift furanalyt. Chemie, xvii. (1878), 321. H. B. Parsons : New Rem- 
edies, viii. (1879, Oct.), 293. Carles : Am. Jour. Pharm., xlv., 27 (Jan., 1873). 



• 29 

chloroform is then recovered by distillation, or is slowly evaporated, the con- 
centrated liquid is transferred, with chloroform rinsing, to a weighed dish, and 
the residue dried on the water-bath to a constant weight. The grams multi- 
plied by 5 express the percentage of total alkaloids in the bark. 

I have left the usual direction, to evaporate the total alkaloids at water- 
bath temperature to constant weight as the best practical for general use. 
With quinia, this leaves a slightly variable proportion of water, not far from 
that of 1 molecule. Quinidia retains 2 molecules of water on the water-bath. 
Cinchonidia and cinchonia do not hold water of crystallization. The tem- 
perature of 120° C. leaves the four alkaloids anhydrous and without loss. 

For the separation of quinia from the mixed alkaloids, solubility in ether 
has long been the chief dependence. Unless controlled by other work, the 
separation by ether is not close enough. Ether dissolves different proportions 
of quinidia, cinchonidia, and cinchonia ; the proportions being varied by the 
quantity of quinia present. I had much expectation of being able to separate 
quinia with cinchonidia from quinidia and cinchonia, by treating the sulphates 
with chloroform ; but teial showed that the presence of the last-named pair of 
alkaloids decidedly increases the solubility of the two first-named. f The 
separation of quinia (from that part of the alkaloids soluble in ether) by De Vrij's 
herapathite method, guarded by washing the crystals with chinoidine herapa- 
thite saturated solution, and indirect determination of the chinoidine herapa- 
thite left after drying,:}: is worthy of all respect. But I presume it is not 
adapted to pharmacopoeial use. 

The method I venture to propose is simple enough : Separation of quinia, 
as sulphate, by water. This separation is one of the features of Kerner's test, 
adopted in the German Pharmacopoeia, and in growing favor. § To be sure, 
there must be a correction for the quinia sulphate dissolved. If some experi- 
ments I have undertaken! are not at fault, the water solubility of quinia 
sulphate is not materially affected by presence of the other alkaloid sulphates, 
and is pretty nearly constant, in fixed conditions of temperature, time, and 
neutral reaction upon test-paper. I put in, provisionally, the [correction for 
solubility deduced from the few experiments just referred to, six in number. 
This is 0.00085 gram of effloresced sulphate of quinia (2 aq.) for each cc. of 
water used. Of crystallized sulphate (7£ aq.), the corresponding amount is 
0.00095 gram. A solution saturated at 15° C. should contain, of crystallized 
sulphate, according to Kerner, 0.00132 gram to the cc, and other authorities 
do not vary much from this. I expect to be able to report an average of a 

t Report of Mr. Thum and the writer : Pro. Am. Phar. Asso., 1878, xxvi., 834. 

X De Vrij : Phar. Jour, and Trans. [3], vi., 461 (Dec. 11th, 1875); Pro. Am. Phar. Asso., 1876, 
xxiv., 348; Am. Jour. Phar. (1876, Mar.), xlviii., 126; Attfield's Chem., Am. Ed., 1879, p. 604. 

§ Kerner's original report is in Zeitschrif t f fir analyt. Chemie, i., 150 (1862); translated in 
Phar. Jour, and Trans. [2], iv., 19 (July, 1862); and given entire in Am. Jour. Phai\, xxxiv., 
417 (Sep., 1862). The author's dependence is more upon separation by ammonia, in the nitrate, 
than upon the prior separation by water with the sulphates. But experience has not confirmed 
the accuracy of separation by ammonia. Hesse, Paul, and others, adopt separation by water, 
though not as a sole dependence. 

I Pro. Am. Phar. Asso., 1878, xxvi., 836. 



30 

greater number of determinations, of the co-efficient of solubility. Any 
worker interested, is invited to prove the accuracy of the method, and find the 
correction to be made for solubility. This may be done by comparison with 
De Vrij's herapathite method, in work upon bark ; or by extracting the filtrate 
with ether, with previous addition of alkali, and then separating the quinia 
from the ether residue, as herapathite, or by crystallization as sulphate ; and 
it may be done in other ways, chosen by the operator. I may remark that the 
total alkaloids can be obtained from sulphate filtrates without loss, by adding 
sodium carbonate in slight excess, evaporating to strict dryness, and extract- 
ing with absolute alcohol. 

Carles has preferred the use of ammonium hydrate, to neutralize the 
quinia sulphate, with the statement that ammonium sulphate solution dissolves 
less quinina sulphate than pure water does.f Mr. Thum and myself obtained 
such low results with Carles' process,:}: that I was not encouraged for the use 
of ammonia. However, I should like to have a comparative trial made with 
ammonia and soda. There is very little sodium sulphate formed in a faithful 
execution of this scheme. 

The following then is the process proposed, and which I may desire to 
change in some particulars : 

Estimation of Quinia in Total Alkaloids. 

Treat the total alkaloids of 20 grams of bark with distilled water, slightly 
acidulated with dilute sulphuric acid, till the mixture is just perceptibly acid. 
Add distilled water to make 70 parts for each part of alkaloids taken. 
Make the mixture nearly neutral, but just perceptibly acid to litmus paper ; 
if necessary, adding drops of very dilute solution of soda. Digest the mixture 
at 82° to 85° C. for five minutes ; then cool, and leave at the temperature of 
15° C. for an hour. Filter through a small double filter, not over 7 centi- 
metres (2| inches) diameter, the two filters being previously trimmed to equal 
weight, and receive the filtrate in a graduated vessel. Wash with distilled 
water until the total washings make 90 parts for each part of the alkaloids 
taken. During the filtration and washing, the last-mentioned temperature 
should be maintained. The filter and contents are now completely dried at 
50° to 60° C, cooled and weighed, counterpoising with the outer filter. To 
the weight, in grams, add 0.00085 gram for each cubic centimetre of the 
entire filtrate ; add 12 per cent of this sum (for crystallization water) ; multi- 
ply by 5 to represent 100 grams of the bark, and the product is the percentage 
of sulphate of quinia (crystallized) equivalent to the quinia in the bark.§ 

* Cinchonia (see Pulv. Cinchoniae Co.). 
Cinchoniae Sulphas. 

t P. Carles: Am. Jour. Phar., xlv., 27 (Jan., 1873); Chem. News, xxvi., 219 (Nov. 8th, 1872); 
from Bull. Soc. Chim. 

X Pro. Am. Phar. Asso., 1878, xxvi., 837. The recovery of quinia sulphate in three trials 
was* respectively, 62.66 and 60 per cent of the full amount. 

§ The tests for the single alkaloids will be found under the headings of their sulphates. 



31 

Test of Sulphate of Cinchonia. 
(By Prof. Albert B. Prescott.) 

When dissolved in 100 parts of water, at a boiling temperature, and cooled, 
the solution does not yield crystals (absence of quinia), and does not show 
decided fluorescence after acidulation with sulphuric acid (absence of quinia 
and quinidia). Slight fluorescence may be due to presence of cinchonidia. 

When the dried salt is agitated with 70 times its weight of water- washed 
chloroform at 15° C, any undissolved residue may consist of quinia or cin- 
chonidia sulphate. 

* Cinchonidiae Sulphas. 

The Test of Sulphate of Cinchonidia. 
(By Prof. Albert B. Prescott.) 

The precipitation of cinchonidia by potassium sodium tartrate solution, 
testing the filtrate with ammonia, f constitutes the best single test for general 
use. The following are Hesse's directions : Digest 0.5 gram of the sulphate 
of cinchonidia with 20 cc. of water at about 60° C, and add 1.5 grams of tar- 
trate »of potassium and sodium. After an hour, filter, and add a drop of 
ammonia water, when no turbidity should appear. 

Hager, in his " Praxis," uses smaller quantities, colder water, and a much 
larger proportion of both water and ammonia, making the test less severe, 
and, I think, for medicinal demands to be preferred : Agitate 0.100 gram of 
the salt with 0.300 gram of tartrate of potassium and sodium, and 20 cc. 
of cold distilled water. After an hour, with frequent agitation, filter, and add 
to the filtrate a few drops of water of ammonia, when there should be not 
more than a slight turbidity. 

If there is a precipitate by the ammonia, it may be either of quinidia or 
of cinchonia, and may contain quinia, soluble by excess of ammonia. To 
exclude quinidia, add iodide of potassium, in quantity equal to that of the 
cinchonidia sulphate, after the addition of the tartrate, and proceed as above, 
when a turbidity, caused by ammonia, must be due to cinchonia. 1 

The precipitate washed and dried contains 0.8084 of its weight of cin- 
chonidia. It may, however, contain quinia, which is not separated by the 
tartate test. To distinguish the salt from quinia sulphate, it may well be 
stated that, when cinchonidia sulphate is dissolved in 120 parts of boiling 
water and cooled again, the solution does not crystallize, and shows but slight 
fluorescence on acidulation with sulphuric acid. 



1 + Hesse : Liebig's Annalen der Chemie, Vol. 176, p. 325 (1875) ; Zeitsch. f. anal. Chemie. x\\. 
101 (1876) ; Hagers Pharm. Praxis (1878), II., 1884. 

t The precipitates of cinchonidia tartrate and quinidia hydriodate require for each between 
1,200 and 1,300 parts of water for solution. 



32 

Cinnamomum. 

1 Proposed to denote hereafter only the Ceylon variety. 

Coccus. 

* Codeia. 

If The Germ. Pharm. Rep. has the following : Handsome crystals belonging to 
the rhombic system, sometimes forming octoheders. Anhydrous codeia fuses at 
150° C, and on cooling congeals to a crystalline mass. In water kept at a full boil, 
codeia softens and forms clear drops, which partly float on the surface and solidify 
on slow cooling to larger crystals. It is soluble at 15° C. in 80 parts of water ; at 100° 
C, in 17 parts. Dilute alkalies do not render a solution of codeia saturated at 15° C. 
turbid. Ether and alcohol dissolve the hydrated alkaloid abundantly : " benzin " and 
petroleum-ether dissolve it but sparingly. It differs from morphia in not altering a 
solution of iodic acid, or a mixture of chloride of iron and ferricyanide of potassium. 
In cold, pure, concentrated sulphuric acid, codeia dissolves to a colorless solution ; on 
warming this turns green. If the sulphuric acid contains traces of iron, the cold solu- 
tion assumes a fine blue color, turning violet or red on warming. 

Colchici Radix. — Colchici Semen. 

Collodium. Collodion. 

Take of Soluble Gun-Cotton (Pyroxylon) four parts ..." 4 

Stronger Ether, seventy parts ....... 70 

Alcohol ("Stronger Ale."), tiventy-six par ts ... 26 

Moisten the Gun-Cotton, contained in a suitable flask, with a portion of 
the alcohol ; mix the remainder of the Alcohol with the Ether, pour the liquid 
upon the Gun-Cotton, and agitate occasionally until dissolved. 

Char. — Collodion is a slightly opalescent, syrupy liquid, which, on stand- 
ing, deposits a layer of fibrous matter, and becomes more transparent. This 
layer should be rejected. When applied, it should form a colorless, transpa- 
rent, and strongly contractile film. It should be preserved in cork-stoppered 
bottles. 

1 If the deposited fibrous layer is to be reincorporated by shaking, the film will 
not be transparent but opaque, and often whitish. 

The above proportions have been chosen after comparing the films resulting from 
a large number of collodions, made with varying percentages of gun-cotton and men- 
strua. It is strongly contractile, dries rapidly, and forms a tough skin. 

The present proportions, in parts by weight, are : Pyroxylin, 3.57 ; Strong. Ether, 
73.21 ; Strong. Alcohol, 23.21 parts. 

The Germ. Pharm. Rep. directs 1 part of the Gun-Cotton, prepared according to 
their formula, to be thoroughly mixed with 16 parts of absolute alcohol, and the 
solution to be effected by the addition of 16 parts of ether. 

Collodium cum Cantharide. Cantharidal Collodion. Blistering Collodion. 

Take of Cantharides, in fine powder, four parts .... 4 
Acetic Ether, a sufficient quantity . . . . . q. s. 
Flexible Collodion, seven par ts 7 



33 

Pack the Cantharides tightly in a conical percolator, and pour Acetic 

Ether on top, until twenty parts 20 

of percolate are obtained, or, until the drug is exhausted. Recover the 
Acetic Ether from the percolate by distillation in a water-bath, until the 

residue amounts to about four parts . . 4 

Evaporate this in a capsule, on the water-bath, until it weighs one part 1 

Then dissolve it in the Flexible Collodion, allow it to stand at rest for 48 hours, 
and pour off the clear portion from the small sediment which has been 
deposited. 

1 Acetic Ether_is a much better menstruum for Cantharides than ordinary Ether 
or Alcohol. The above formula yields a good and very effective blistering liquid. By 
standing it deposits a small quantity of extractive matter, which has no blistering 
qualities. This may be gotten rid off by allowing the Collodion to stand at rest for 48 
hours, or longer, and pouring off the clear portion, which can be removed without 
disturbing the sediment. 

The present formula, in parts by weight, would be : Cantharides 192, percolate 
with Ether until 251 are obtained; then percolate with Alcohol until 136 more have 
passed, reduce this by evaporation to 21, and add these to the first 251, making 272. 
Then add Pyroxylin, 5 ; Canada Turpentine, 16 ; and Castor Oil, 8 ; making the whole 
product 301 parts. 

Collodium Flexile. Flexible Collodion. 

Take of Collodion, thirty-six parts 36 

Canada Turpentine, two parts 2 

Castor Oil, one part 1 

Mix them, and keep the mixture in a cork-stoppered bottle. 

If Same strength as at present. 

* Collodium [Olei] Tiglii. Croton Oil Collodion. 

Take of Croton Oil, one part 1 

Flexible Collodion, one part ...... 1 

Mix them. 

IT Has been recommended as a safe method of producing the peculiar vesication 
of croton oil. 

* Colloxylon (see Pyroxylon).— Colocynthis. 

Confectio Aromatica. Aromatic Confection. 

Take of Aromatic Powder, one part 1 

Clarified Honey, one part 1 

Rub the Aromatic Powder with the Clarified Honey until they are 
thoroughly incorporated. 

It should be prepared only when wanted, as it is apt to become dry and 
brittle by age. 



34 

Confectio Aurantii. Confection of Orange Peel. 

Take of Sweet Orange Peel, freshly separated from the fruit by 

grating, one part 1 

Sugar, three parts 3 

Beat the Orange Peel with the Sugar, gradually added, until they are 
thoroughly mixed. 

IT There is no necessity of naming this Conf. Aur. Corticis. 

Confectio Opii. Confection of Opium. 

Take of Opium, in fine powder, one part 1 

Aromatic Powder, ten parts ...... 10 

Clarified Honey, twenty-five parts 25 

Rub the Opium with the Aromatic Powder, then add the Honey, and beat 
the whole together until thoroughly mixed. 

H The former strength was 1 grain Opium in 37.55 . . . grains^ This was changed to 
1 in 36, as being more easily divisible. 

Confectio Rosae. Confection of Rose. 

Take of Red Rose, in fine powder, two parts 2 

Sugar, in fine powder, fifteen parts 15 

Clarified Honey, three parts ...... 3 

Rose Water, four parts 4 

Rub the Red Rose with the Rose Water heated to 65° C. (or 150° F.); then 
gradually add the Sugar and Honey, and beat the whole together until thor- 
oughly mixed. 

The product should weigh twenty-four parts 24 

Confectio Sennae (a). Confection of Senna. 

Take of Purging Cassia, finely bruised, fifteen parts ... 15 

Tamarind, ten parts . . . . . . . . 10 

Prune, sliced, ten parts 10 

Fig, bruised, ten parts 10 

£?iigar, in coarse powder, thirty parts 30 

Senna, in fine powder, ten parts 10 

Coriander, in fine powder, five parts 5 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Digest the Purging Cassia, Tamarind, Prune, and Fig for three hours 
in a close vessel, on the water-bath, with 

Water, forty-five parts 45 

Separate the coarser portions with the hand, and rub the pulpy mass, first 
through a coarse hair sieve, and then through a fine one, or through a 
muslin cloth. Mix the residue with 



35 

Water, fifteen parts 15 

and having digested the mixture for a short time, treat it as before, and 
add the product to the pulpy liquid first obtained. Then, by means of a 
water-bath, dissolve the Sugar in the pulpy liquid, and evaporate the 

whole until it weighs eighty-five parts 85 

Lastly, add the Senna and Coriander, and incorporate them thoroughly 
with the other ingredients while yet warm. 

The product should weigh one hundred parts 100 

N. B. This is the formula as recommended by the Committee. Another, but less 
perspicuous way of writing it is given below. These two methods afford a chance of 
deciding, whether it is best to construct working formulae by the one or the other : 
that is to say, whether it is best to first mention all the constituents entering into a pre- 
paration, and then let the formula follow ; or, whether each constituent should only 
be mentioned in the formula itself, wherever it may occur. 

Confectio Sennae (b). Confection of Senna. 

Take of Purging Cassia, finely bruised, fifteen parts ... 15 

Tamarind, ten parts 10 

Prune, sliced, ten parts 10 

Fig, bruised, ten parts 10 

Digest them for three hours in a close vessel, on a water-bath, with 

Water, forty-five parts 45 

Separate the coarser portions with the hand, and rub the pulpy mass, first 

through a coarse hair sieve, and then through a fine one, or through a 

muslin cloth. Mix the residue with 

Water, fifteen parts 15 

and having digested the mixture for a short time, treat it as before, and 

add the product to the pulpy liquid first obtained. Then by means of a 

water-bath dissolve in the pulpy liquid 

Sugar, in coarse powder, thirty parts 30 

and evaporate the whole until it weighs eighty-five parts ... 85 

Lastly, add 

Senna, in fine powder, ten parts 10 

Coriander, in fine powder, five parts .... 5 

and incorporate them thoroughly with the other ingredients while yet 

warm. 

The product should weigh one hundred parts 100 

II The proportions of the present U. S. Ph. are: Purg. Cassia, 16.6; Tamarind, 10.4; 
Prune, 7.3; Fig, 12.4; Sugar, 31.26; Senna, 8.33; Coriander, 4.16 percent. These propor- 
tions have been followed in the above formula as nearly as possible, But, in the 
opinion of Mr. B. F. Mclntyre and others, the proportion of sugar should be not less 
than 50 per cent in the finished product. 

* Coniae Hydrobromas. — Conii Folia.— Copaiba. — Coptis (d).— Coriandrum. — 
Cornus Circinata. — Cornus Florida. — Cornus Sericea. 



36 

* Corydalis. Turkey Corn. 

1 The root of Corydalis formosa Pursh. = Dicentra canadensis DC. and Dicentra 
eximia DC. — Used as an ingredient in Syrupus Stillingioz Co. 

* Cotoinum. 

1 Germ. Pharm. Rep. : A reddish-yellow, fine powder of a peculiar odor inciting 
to sneezing, and of a strongly pungent taste. It is with difficulty soluble in water, 
easily in alcohol; in ether it melts. On warming it with concentrated sulphuric acid r 
it gives a blood-red solution. Dissolved in alcohol and mixed with some ferric chlo- 
ride, it produces a dark- violet solution (Jobst). 

Cotula (d). 

Creasotum. Creasote. 

1 The Germ. Pharm. Rep. says: Soluble in 120-150 parts of hot water. The solu- 
tion becomes turbid on cooling, but clears up afterwards with separation of drops of 
creasote. In a freshly prepared, clear, aqueous solution, a drop of dilute solution of 
ferric chloride produces a blue color, which, however, at once turns to gray, and, on 
addition of alcohol, to green. 20 parts of creasote shaken with 1 part of ferric chloride 
solution assume a darker color, which, on addition of 10 parts of alcohol, becomes 
yellowish-green, and gradually passes into brown (FlucJciger). 1 part of creasote 
mixed with 1 part of collodium gives a clear mixture ; carbolic acid, if present, 
would coagulate the nitrocellulose (Schneider). 

Creta.— Creta Praeparata.— Crocus.— Cubeba.— Cupri Subacetas.— Cupri Sul- 
phas. — Cuprum.— Cuprum Ammoniatum. — Curcuma. — Cydonium (d). — 
Cypripedium. 

Decocta. Decoctions. 

Decoctions, the strength of which is not specified by the physician, nor 
directed by the Pharmacopoeia, are to be prepared by the following formula: 

Take of The Substance, in a moderately coarse condition, one part 1 

Put it into a suitable vessel, provided with cover, pour upon it 

Cold Water, ten parts 10 

then heat it in a steam bath for half an. hour, allow it to cool to about 
45° C. (or 113° F.), strain, and pass enough water through the strainer to 
obtain ten parts 10 

Caution. — The strength of decoctions of energetic or powerful substances 
should be specially prescribed by the physician. 

1 The general directions above given make it imnecessary to encumber the Phar- 
macopoeia with many formulae for decoctions. 

Of those which are now officinal 

THE FOLLOWING HAVE BEEN OMITTED I THE FOLLOWING ARE RETAINED : 

Decoct. Chimaphilae Decoct. Cetrariae 

" Cinchonas flavae ■ " Haematoxyli 

" " rubrae " Hordei 

" Cornus floridae " Sarsap. Comp. 

" Dulcamaras 

" Quercus albae 

" Senegae 

" Uvse Ursi 



37 

Decoctum Cetrariae. Decoction of Iceland Moss. 

Take of Iceland Moss, one part 1 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Cover the Iceland Moss, in a suitable vessel, with 

Cold Water, eight parts 8 

express after half an hour, and throw away the liquid. Then boil 

the Moss with Water, twenty parts 20 

for half an hour, strain, and add enough water through the strainer 

to obtain twenty parts 20 

1 This formula is improved by directing the Moss to be first washed with cold 
water. The strength of the formula of the present U. S. Ph. is about 1 in 32. The 
above strength (1 in 20) is the same as that adopted by the Br. Ph. 

Decoctum Haematoxyli. Decoction of Logwood. 

Take of Logwood, rasped, one part 1 

Water, thirty parts 30 

Boil down to fifteen parts . 15 

and strain. 

Decoctum Hordei. Decoction of Barley. 

Take of Barley, one part 1 

Water, a sufficient quantity . q. s. 

Wash the Barley with cold Water, to remove extraneous matters, 

then boil it with Water, four parts 4 

for five minutes, and throw away the liquid. 
Then, having poured on it 

Boiling Water, thirty parts 30 

boil down to fifteen parts 15 

and strain. 

1 Same strength as at present. The time for first boiling should not exceed 5 
minutes. 

Decoctum Sarsaparillae Compositum. Compound Decoction of Sarsaparilla. 

Take of Sarsaparilla, cut and bruised, tivelve parts .... 12 
Sassafras, in coarse powder, two parts .... 2 

Guaiacum Wood, rasped, two parts 2 

Liquorice Root, bruised, two parts 2 

Mezereon, cut and bruised, one part 1 

Water, a sufficient quantity . q. s. 

Boil the Sarsaparilla and Guaiacum Wood for half an hour in a suit- 
able vessel with Water, one hundred and twenty par ts .... 120 
then add the Sassafras, Liquorice, and Mezereon, cover the vessel well and 



38 

macerate for two hours, finally strain, and add enough Water through 
the strainer to obtain one hundred and twenty par ts . . . .120 



The present proportions are : 






Approximations. 


Sarsaparilla 


. 6? 


48 3 


48 3 12 


Sassafrass 


is 


83 


83 2 


Guaiac 


• H 


83 


83 2 


Liquorice 


1? 


83 


83 2 


Mezereon 


. 33 


33 


43 1 


Water 


4 pints 


60 1 


480 3 120 



The new formula above given contains a trifle more of Mezereum. This is one of 
the most important constituents, and should not be boiled with the Sarsaparilla. 
Prof. Maisch already drew attention to the defects in the formula ; and the above 
modification of the process is believed to furnish a satisfactory product. It works 
well in practice. 

Delphinium. — * Dextrinum. 

Digitalinum. Digitalin. 

IT The product obtained by the officinal process is a complex substance, and does 
not deserve to be retained in the pharmacopoeia. The most active and powerful of 
all the principles so far discovered in digitalis is the digitoxin of Schmiedeberg (see 
Pharmacographia [2], p. 470) ; but the probability is that all the constituents of digi- 
talis combined produce the specific effect of the drug, and that no single one can rep- 
resent digitalis itself completely. 

Digitalis. — Diospyros (d). — Dracontium (d). — Dulcamara. — Elaterium. 

* Elaterinum. Elaterin. 

H Owing to the acknowledged gradual deterioration of commercial elaterium, the 
proximate principle elaterin should be introduced. Yet the great similarity in name 
between elaterin and elaterium, makes it doubtful whether both substances should 
be officinal at the same time. One remedy would be to avoid the use of elaterin as 
such in any prescription, and to introduce a new class of preparations of very general 
usefulness, particularly in the case of powerful remedies, which are prescribed in 
very small quantities, so as to be exactly weighed only with difficulty, namely : 
Attenuationes or Triturationes to be prepared by triturating one part of the substance 
with nine parts of sugar of milk, and to dispense only these dilutions when the sub- 
stance is prescribed. Of course, the prescribe!' should write for : Attenuatio Elate- 
rini, or Trituratio Elaterini, or Lactosum Elaterini, or Pidvis Elaterini dilutus, or 
whatever term might be agreed upon to denote these preparations. Saccharated i 
pepsin would naturally also come under this class of preparations. 

* Elixir Cinchonae. Elixir of Cinchona. 

Take of Yellow Cinchona (Calisaya), in moderately fine powder, 

one hundred parts 100 

Hydrochloric Acid, seven parts 7 

Caustic Lime, ten parts 10 

Alcohol (" Strong. Alcohol"), a sufficient quantity . . q. s. 

Oil of Orange, five parts . 5 

Oil of Ceylon Cinnamon, two parts 2 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, thirty parts . . 30 



39 

Sugar, one thousand parts 1000 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Boil the Cinchona in Water, four hundred parts 400 

mixed with one-third of the Hydrochloric Acid, and strain through 
muslin. Boil the residue twice successively with the same quantity of 
Water and Acid as before, and strain. Mix the decoctions, and while 
the liquid is hot, gradually add the Lime, previously made into a smooth 

milk with Water, seventy parts 70 

stirring constantly, so that the alkaloids may be completely precipitated. 
Wash the precipitate with cold Water, and having pressed, dried, and 
powdered it, digest it with boiling Alcohol, forty parts .... 40 

Pour off the liquid, and repeat this digestion several times until the Alco- 
hol ceases to acquire a bitter taste. Mix the alcoholic liquids, and bring 

them to the weight of two hundred and sixty parts 260 

either by distilling off the excess, or by the addition of a sufficient quantity 
of Alcohol. Then add the Oil of Orange and Oil of Cinnamon. Dissolve 

the sugar in Distilled Water, sixteen hundred parts 1600 

Add the latter solution gradually, and in small portions at a time, to the 
alcoholic solution of the alkaloids and oils, constantly stirring until a per- 
manent milkiness makes its appearance. Then reverse the proceeding 
by gradually pouring the mixture into the remainder of the Syrup under 
constant stirring. Rub the Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium with a 
small quantity of the Syrup to a smooth, thin paste, mix this thoroughly 
with the rest of the Syrup, and filter through a well-wetted white filter. 
Return the first portions until the filtrate runs off clear. When all the 
liquid has passed, wash the filter with a mixture of Alcohol, one part, 
and Distilled Water, six parts, until the whole product weighs tltree 
thousand parts 3000 

U This formula is based upon the process recommended to the Committee by Mr. 
B. F. Mclntyre. 

* Elixir Cinchonae et Ferri. Elixir of Cinchona and Iron. 

Take of Elixir of Cinchona, one hundred and twenty-four parts 134 

Citrate of Iron and Ammonium, two parts .... 2 

Rub the Ammonio-Citrate of Iron to a fine powder in a mortar, and dis- 
solve it in the Elixir of Cinchona by agitation. 

H Formula of Mr. B. F. Mclntyre. Each fl. 3 represents about 2 grains of Cinchona 
and 1 grain of Amm. Cit. of Iron. 

* Elixir Ferri. Quiniae et Strychniae Phosphatum. 

Elixir of the Phosphates of Iron, Quinia, and Strychnia. 

Take of Sulphate of Quinia, thirty-two parts 32 

Strychnia, one part 1 



40 

Pyrophosphate of Iron, one hundred and twenty parts . 120 

Alcohol ("Strong. Ale"), 

Diluted Sulphuric Acid, 

Water of Ammonia, 

Distilled Water, 

Simple Elixir, of each, a sufficient quantity . . q, s. 

Dissolve the Sulphate of Quinia in Distilled Water, fifteen hundred 

parts • 1500 

with the aid of Diluted Sulphuric Acid. Precipitate the quinia by the 
addition of Water of Ammonia in slight excess, and wash the precipitated 
alkaloid with cold Distilled Water, three thousand parts . . . 3000 
When the precipitate has drained, put the filter with the precipitate 
into a strong piece of cloth, and press out as much of the liquid as possi- 
ble. Introduce the quinia with the fragments of the filter paper adhering 
to it, into a bottle, and add alcohol, one hundred and ninety parts . . 190 
When the alkaloid has dissolved, add 

Simple Elixir, tivo thousand five hundred parts . . . . . 2500 
and mix. Dissolve the Strychnia in Alcohol, eighty parts ... 80 

mixed with Distilled Water, fifteen parts 15 

with the aid of a gentle heat, if necessary, and add it to the previous 
solution. 

Dissolve the Pyrophosphate of Iron in warm 

Distilled Water, one hundred and eighty parts 180 

Mix this with the solution previously prepared and add enough Simple 
Elixir to make the whole product weigh four thousand par ts . . 4000 

Finally filter. 

1 This formula has been constructed on the basis of that adopted by the Rhode 
Island Pharmaceutical Association in 1877. If this formula is adopted, there would be 
no need of the Syrupus Ferri, Qtiinice et Strychnia? Phosphatum, and vice versa. 

* Elixir Simplex (a). Simple Elixir. 

Take of Oil of Orange, five parts 5 

Oil of Ceylon Cinnamon, two parts 2 

Sugar, in coarse powder, one thousand parts . . . 1000 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, thirty parts . . 30 

Alcohol (" Stronger Ale"), a sufficient quantity . q. s. 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Dissolve the Oils in sufficient Alcohol to make the solution weigh 
three hundred parts 300 

Dissolve the Sugar in Distilled Water, seventeen hundred parts . 1700 
by agitation, without heat. Add the latter solution gradually, and in 
small portions at a time, to the alcoholic solution of the oils, constantly 
stirring, until a permanent milkiness makes its appearance. Then reverse 
the proceeding, by gradually pouring the milky mixture into the re- 
mainder of the Syrup, under constant stirring. Rub the Precipitated 






41 

Phosphate of Calcium with a small quantity of the Syrup to a smooth, 
thin paste, mix this thoroughly with the rest of the syrup, and filter 
through a well-wetted white filter. Return the first portions, until the 
filtrate runs off clear. When all the liquid has passed, wash the filter 
with a mixture of Alcohol, one part, and Distilled Water, six parts, until 
the whole product weighs three thousand parts 3000 

IT Substituting grammes for parts, the product will measure about 555 cc. or 5 
pints 14 oz., or nearly 6 pints. 

Mr. B. F. Mclntyre furnished the following formula, of which the above is a mod- 
ification. The proportions have been simplified, and the nitration facilitated by the 
use of Phosphate of Calcium. 

* Elixir Simplex (b). Simple Elixir. 

Take of Oil of Orange, five parts 5 

Oil of Ceylon Cinnamon, two parts 2 

Alcohol, three hundred and seventy-six parts . . . 376 
Sugar, granulated, nine hundred and fifty-eight parts . 958 
Water, distilled, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-six 
parts 1886 

Make a solution of the oils in the Alcohol, and form a Syrup by dissolving 
the Granulated Sugar in the Distilled Water without the use of heat. Add the 
Syrup to the alcoholic solution of oils until a milkiness or slight precipitation 
of oils is produced, then pour the mixture into the remaining Syrup, constantly 
stirring during the whole process. 

Filter through a double plaited filter, or use filtering paper pulp, made by 
beating scraps of filtering paper in a mortar, in the proportion of 24 parts of 
paper to 80 parts of the above Simple Elixir, pour the pulp in a plaited filter 
and finish the filtration of remaining elixir. 

The product should weigh three thousand tivo hundred and twenty- 
six parts 3226 

Emplastrum Aconiti. Aconite Plaster. 

Take of Aconite Root, in fine powder, ten parts .... 10 

Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Resin Plaster, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Moisten the Aconite with Alcohol, three par ts .... 3 

and pack it firmly in a conical percolator. Cover the surface with a disk 

of paper, and pour upon it Alcohol, seven parts 7 

When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator close the lower orifice 
with a cork, and, having closely covered it to prevent evaporation, set it 
aside in a moderately warm place for four days. Then remove the cork, 
and gradually pour Alcohol on top, until the Aconite is exhausted. Dis- 
til off the Alcohol, until the residue amounts to about five parts . . 5 
and evaporate the latter on a water-bath to a soft uniform extract. Add 



42 

to this sufficient Resin Plaster, previously melted, to make the mixture 

weigh ten parts 10 

and then mix the whole thoroughly together. 

1 This is as close an approach to the old formula as can be constructed. If the 
Fluid Extract of Aconite, or as the U. S. Ph. calls it: Linimentum Aconiti (see this), 
is hereafter directed to be prepared without glycerin, this preparation may be used 
instead of making a special extract, as in the above formula. 

Emplastrum Ammoniaci. ' Ammoniac Plaster. 

Take Of Ammoniac, two parts 2 

Diluted Acetic Acid, three parts 3 

Digest the Ammoniac, contained in a porcelain vessel, in the Diluted Acetic 
Acid, avoiding contact of metals, until the gum-resin is completely emulsion- 
ized ; then strain. Evaporate the strained liquid by means of a water-bath, 
stirring constantly until it acquires the proper consistence. 

Emplastrum Ammoniaci cum Hydrargyro. 

Plaster of Ammoniac with Mercury* 

Take of Ammoniac, seven hundred and twenty parts . . . 720 
Mercury, one hundred and eighty parts .... 180 

Olive Oil, eight parts 8 

Sublimed Sulphur, one part 1 

Diluted Acetic Acid, five hundred and forty parts . . 540 
Lead Plaster, a sufficient quantity . • . . . q. s. 

Digest the Ammoniac with the Diluted Acetic Acid on a water-bath, 
avoiding contact of metals, until the gum-resin is completely emulsionized. 
Strain and evaporate the strained liquid under constant stirring on a water- 
bath, until a small portion taken from the vessel hardens on cooling. Heat 
the oil and gradually add the sulphur, stirring constantly until they unite ; 
then add the Mercury, and triturate until globules of the latter cease to be 
visible. Add the mixture of Oil, Sulphur, and Mercury, while yet hot, gradu- 
ally to the Ammoniac, and then add a sufficient quantity of Lead Plaster, pre- 
viously melted by means of a water-bath, to make the whole mixture weigh 

one thousand parts 1000 

Lastly incorporate the ingredients thoroughly. 

1 The Ammoniac was directed to be boiled with water in the last Pharm. This 
is not only detrimental to the gum-resin, but it generally fails in its object to make a 
homogeneous melted mass of it. Prof. Maisch's plan (see Nat. Dispens.,p. 518) to 
triturate the ammoniac with benzin, is impracticable when working with larger 
quantities, and it does not fully accomplish the object. The use of dil. Acetic Acid is 
much preferable ; and as the acid is subsequently dissipated by evaporation, it can do 
no harm. The resulting plaster is very nice, and of a brighter color than when made 
by the previous processes. 



43 

Emplastrum Antimonii. Antimonial Plaster. 

Take of Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium, in fine powder, two 

parts 2 

Yellow Wax, one part 1 

Burgundy Pitch, eight parts 8 

Melt the Burgundy Pitch and Wax by means of a water-bath, and strain; 
stir the mixture until it begins to stiffen ; then add the Tartrate of Antimony 
and Potassium, and incorporate it thoroughly by assiduous stirring. 

Emplastrum Arnicae. Arnica Plaster. 

Take of Extract of Arnica, one part 1 

Resin Plaster, two parts 2 

Melt the Resin Plaster by means of a water- bath ; then add the Extract 
of Arnica, and stir them well together until the mixture thickens on cooling. 

Emplastrum Asafoetidae. Asafoztida Plaster. 

Take of Asaf oetida, two parts 2 

Lead Plaster, two parts 2 

Galbanum, one part 1 

Yellow Wax, one part 1 

Alcohol, seven parts • 7 

Dissolve the Asafcetida and Galbanum in the Alcohol by means of a 
water-bath, strain the liquid while hot, and evaporate it to the consistence 
of honey ; then add the Plaster and Wax, previously melted together, stir the 
mixture well, and evaporate to the proper consistence. 

Emplastrum Belladonnas. Belladonna Plaster. 

Take of Belladonna Root, in fine powder, ten parts ... 10 

Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Resin Plaster, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Moisten the Belladonna with Alcohol, three parts .... 3 

and pack it firmly in a conical percolator. Cover the surface with a disk 

of paper, and pour upon it Alcohol, seven parts 7 

When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower ori- 
fice with a cork, and having closely covered the percolator, set it aside for 
4 days. Then remove the cork, and gradually pour on Alcohol until the 
Belladonna is exhausted. Distil off the Alcohol until the residue amounts 

to about five parts, 5 

and evaporate the latter on a water-bath to a soft extract. Add to this 
sufficient Resin Plaster, previously melted, to make the mixture weigh 
ten parts 10 

T As closely constructed after the old formula as possible. If the Fl. Extract of 



44 

Belladonna Root should hereafter be directed to be made without glycerin, a corre- 
sponding quantity of it may be used, instead of making it purposely, as in the above 
formula. 

Emplastrum Ferri. Iron Plaster. 

Take of Subcarbonate of Iron, one part 1 

Lead Plaster, eight parts 8 

Canada Turpentine, one part . . . ■ . . . 1 

Burgundy Pitch, one part 1 

Melt the Lead Plaster, Canada Turpentine and Burgundy Pitch by means 
of a water-bath ; then add the Subcarbonate of Iron, and stir constantly until 
the mixture thickens on cooling. 

If Two parts of Burgundy Pitch, which the old formula called for, are here 
replaced by one part each of Canada Turpentine and Burgundy Pitch, which is said 
to make a more adhesive and flexible plaster. 

Emplastrum Galbani Compositum. Compound Galbanum Plaster. 

Take of Galbanum, eight parts 8 

Canada Turpentine, one part 1 

Burgundy Pitch, three parts 3 

Lead Plaster, thirty-six parts 36 

To the Galbanum and Turpentine, previously melted together and strained,, 
add first the Burgundy Pitch, and then the Lead Plaster, melted over a gentle 
fire, and mix the whole together. 

Emplastrum Hydrargyri. Mercurial Plaster. 

Take of Mercury, three parts . . 3 

Olive Oil, one part 1 

Resin, one part 1 

Lead Plaster, six parts 6 

Melt the Oil and Resin together, and, when they have become cool, rub 
the Mercury with them, until globules of the metal are no longer visible. Then 
gradually add the Lead Plaster, previously melted, and mix the whole thor- 
oughly together. 

Emplastrum Opii. Opium Plaster. 

Take of Extract of Opium, one part 1 

Burgundy Pitch, three parts ...... 3 

Lead Plaster, twelve parts 12 

Water, one part 1 

Rub the Extract with the Water until uniformly soft, then add it to the 
Burgundy Pitch and Lead Plaster, melted together by means of a water-bath, 



45 

and continue the heat for a short time, stirring constantly until the moisture 
is evaporated. 

The product should weigh sixteen parts 16 

1 The directions of the present U. S. Ph. have been simplified; otherwise the 
preparation is the same. 

Emplastrum Picis Burgundicae. Burgundy Pitch Plaster. 

Take of Burgundy Pitch, twelve parts 12 

Yellow Wax, one part 1 

Melt them together, strain, and stir constantly until they thicken on 
cooling. 

Emplastrum Picis Canadensis. Canada Pitch Plaster. 

Take of Canada Pitch, twelve parts .12 

Yellow Wax, one part 1 

Melt them together, strain, and stir constantly until they thicken on cooling. 

Emplastrum Picis cum Cantharide. Plaster of Pitch with Cantharides. 

Syn. Emplastrum calefaciens. 

Take of Burgundy Pitch, twelve parts ...... 12 

Cerate of Cantharides, one part 1 

Heat the Cerate as nearly as possible to 100° C. (212° F.) on a water-bath, 
and having continued the heat for 15 minutes, strain it through a close 
strainer which will retain the powdered cantharides, add to the strained liquid 
the Pitch, melt them together by means of a water-bath, and having removed 
the vessel, stir the mixture constantly until it thickens on cooling. 
1 Same as at present, except the wording of the direction. 

Emplastrum Plumbi. Lead Plaster. 

Take of Oxide of Lead, in very fine powder, fifteen parts . . 15 

Olive Oil, tiventy-eight parts 28 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

■ Rub the Oxide of Lead with about one-half of the Olive Oil, and add 
the mixture to the remainder of the Oil, contained in a suitable vessel of 
about twice the capacity of the ingredients. Then add 

Boiling Water, four parts 4 

and boil the whole together until a homogeneous plaster is formed ; 
adding from time to time during the process a little boiling Water, as that 
at first added is evaporated. 

Char. — Lead Plaster is white, pliable, and tenacious, free from greasiness 
or stickiness. It should not contain any undissolved Oxide of Lead, which 
would be left behind on dissolving the Plaster in warm Oil of Turpentine. 



46 

Emplastrum Resinae. Resin Plaster. Adhesive Plaster. 

Take of Eesin, in fine powder, one part 1 

Lead Plaster, six parts 6 

To the Lead Plaster, melted over a gentle fire, add the Resin, and when 
the latter has melted, mix them well together. 

* Emplastrum Resinae Elasticae. India Rubber Plaster. 

1 The introduction of a good working formula for such a plaster deserves consid- 
eration. 

Emplastrum Saponis. Soap Plaster. 

Take of Soap, sliced, one part 1 

Lead Plaster, nine parts 9 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Rub the Soap with hot Water until brought to a semi-liquid state ; then 
mix it with the Lead Plaster, previously melted, and boil to the proper con- 
sistence. 

* Emulsiones. . Emulsions. 

T It has been proposed to introduce a few standard formulae for Emulsions, par- 
ticularly of Cod-Liver and Castor Oil. Should such formulas be considered as deserv- 
ing a place in the pharmacopoeia, it will be time enough hereafter to construct them. 

Ergota. — Erigeron (d). — Erigeron Canadense. — * Eriodictyon. — * Erythroxy- 

lon (Coca).—* Eucalyptus (fr. E. globulus Labill.). 

Euonymus. Wahoo. 

1 The so-called resinoid of this, "euonymin," as well as other similar complex 
substances, have lately been very favorably reported on, as cholagogues, etc. There 
might be some definite, reliable, concentrated preparations made of Euonymus, Iris 
versicolor, etc., perhaps in the form of dry alcoholic extracts. 

Eupatorium * Perfoliatum. — * Eupatorium Purpureum (?) — Euphorbia Corolla- 
ta (d). — Euphorbia Ipecacuanha (d). 

Extracta. Extracts. 

1 The list of extracts is submitted, with a few exceptions, merely in form of a 
list of titles, for want of time to properly revise the processes. 

Extractum Aconiti. — E. Arnicae. — E. Belladonnae. — E. Belladonnas Alcohol- 
icum. — E. Cannabis Americanae (d). — E. Cannabis Indicae. 

* Extractum Carnis. Extract of Beef. 

An aqueous extract of lean beef, deprived as much as possible of fat, albu- 
men, and gelatin. 

Char. — Extract of Beef has a brown color and a pleasant odor resembling 



47 

that of roasted meat. It is completely soluble in water, yielding a clear solu- 
tion. When dried at 110 p C. (230° F.), 100 parts of it should not lose over 22 
parts of moisture, and, after incineration, should not leave more than 18 parts 
of ash, containing only a small amount of chloride of sodium. Alcohol of 90% 
should dissolve not less than 56 per cent of the extract. 

Extractum Cinchonae. — E. Colchici Aceticum. — E. Colocynthidis. — E. Colo- 
cynthidis Compositum. — E. Conii (d ?). — E. Conii Alcoholicum. — E. Dig- 
italis. — E. Dulcamarae. 

* Extractum Ergotae. Extract of Ergot. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Ergot, five parts . . . . 5 

Evaporate it, on a water-bath, at a temperature not exceeding 52° C. 
(or 126° F.), under constant stirring, until it is reduced to one part . 1 

Char. — Extract of Ergot prepared by this process is almost entirely soluble 
in water. For hypodermic use, the aqueous solution should be filtered, and 
made up to the original weight by passing water through the filter. 

T Fluid Extract of Ergot, to be applicable to this process, must have been pre- 
pared without glycerin. 

* Extractum Euonymi (?). — E. Gentianae. — E. Glycyrrhizae. 

If In order to be consistent in pharmaceutical nomenclature, this should be ren- 
dered with " Extract of Liquorice," and the term " Liquorice " should be restricted to 
the root, in spite of the popular custom to the contrary. Compare also Olycyrrhiza. 

Extractum Haematoxyli (d). — E. Hellebori. — E. Hyoscyami. — E. Hyoscyami 
Alcoholicum.— E. Ignatiae. — * E. Iridis Versicoloris (?). 

Extractum Jalapae *[Alcoholicumj. [Alcoholic] Extract of Jalap. 

Take of Jalap, in moderately fine powder, ten parts ... 10 
Alcohol (" Strong. Alcohol"), a sufficient quantity . q. s. 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Moisten the powder with one-fourth of its weight of a mixture of four 
parts of Alcohol and one part of Water, pack it in a conical percolator, and 
pour the same menstruum on top, until the percolate, when dropped into 
water, produces only a slight precipitate. Distil off the alcohol from the tinc- 
ture, and evaporate the residue to dryness. 

1 This should be substituted for the officinal preparation which is loaded with 
the inert aqueous extract. A mixture of 4 parts of alcohol of spec. gr. 0.820, with 1 
part of water, will make an alcohol of about the spec. gr. 0.860, containing 75# by 
weight of absolute alcohol. This menstruum is sufficiently alcoholic. But alcohol of 
0.820 may also be used, and in this case the product would approach so closely to the 
" Resina Jalapee " that the latter might be dropped. If the present officinal extract 
is abandoned, the addition of the word "Alcoholicum" in the above title will be 
unnecessary. 

Extractum Juglandis.—E. Krameriae.— * E. Lupuli. 



48 . 

* Extractum Malti. Extract of Malt. 

Take of Malt, in coarse powder, one hundred parts .... 100 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Upon the Malt, contained a suitable vessel, pour cold Water, one hun- 

dredparts .100 

and allow it to macerate for 6 hours at the ordinary temperature. Then 
add warm Water, heated to about 30° C. (or 86° F.), four hundred parts 400 
and digest the whole for one hour at a temperature of 65° C. (or 149° F.). 
Raise the temperature to the boiling point, and strain with strong expres- 
sion. Finally evaporate the strained liquid rapidly to the consistence of 
a thick extract, by means of a water-bath or in a vacuum apparatus. 

1 Some formulae direct maceration and digestion at a moderate temperature, 
avoiding boiling. Others direct the boiled liquid, after straining, to be mixed with 
white of egg in the proportion of the white of one egg for every pound of malt, 
again to be boiled and strained, and then to be evaporated. The above formula is no 
doubt capable of improvement. 

* Extractum Mezerei. Extract of Mezereon. 

Take of Mezereon, in moderately fine powder, ten parts . . 10 

Alcohol (" Strong. Ale"), a sufficient quantity . . q. s. 

Moisten the powder with a sufficient quantity of Alcohol, pack it firmly 
in a conical percolatar, and pour Alcohol on top, until the Mezereon is 
exhausted. Distil off so much of the Alcohol that the residue may be of the 
consistence of thick syrup, then transfer it to a capsule, and evaporate it, on a 
water-bath, to the proper consistence. 

1 The ethereal extract has been in considerable demand lately. The above 
appears to have some advantages over the former; see Nat. Disp. [2], 586. 

Extractum Nucis Vomicae. — E. Opii. — E. Physostigmatis. — E. Podophylli. — 
E. Quassias. — E. Rhei. — E. Senegae. — E. Stramonii Foliorum (d). — 
E. Stramonii Seminis. — E. Taraxaci.— * E. Tritici (fr. Triticum repens 
L.). — E. Valerianae. 

* Extracta Sicca. Dry Extracts. 

1 A separate class of Dry Extracts, "Extracta sicca," deserve introduction. 
Further experiments are necessary to determine the best method of preparing and 
preserving them. Sugar of milk appears to be the best diluent, where it is necessary 
to produce a fixed weight by the addition of an inert substance. Whether the fluid 
extracts should be carefully evaporated on milk-sugar to a definite percentage, or the 
solid extracts should be chosen as a starting-point, remains to be decided. There is 
certainly much room for improvement of the so-called dry extracts of the German 
pharmacopoeia. 

Extracta Fluida. Fluid Extracts. 

U The subject of Fluid Extracts has given the Committee much trouble, and has 
even at |,this time not been exhausted. There is no need to repeat here in extenso 
what has been already published in the Proceedings of the Am. Pharm. Asso. on this 



49 

subject. It will be sufficient to briefly describe the different processes which have 
been recommended, or have been in use before. 

As the plan adopted by the Committee contemplated the abandonment of the use 
of definite weights and measures in the formulae of the U. S. Ph., one of the first 
points for the Committee to decide was : whether fluid extracts, made to represent 
the crude drug weight for weight, would differ so much in strength from those at 
present in use, which represent the drug measure for weight, that their adoption 
would involve difficulties in prescribing. It was ascertained, chiefly by the experi- 
ments of Dr. E. R. Squibb, that the differences in strength were by no means so great, 
at least in the case of highly active fluid extracts, as was at first anticipated, and the 
conclusion was arrived at, that by a judicious selection of menstrua, fluid extracts 
may be prepared representing the drug weight for iceight, and at the same time very 
nearly representing the crude drug measure for weight. On the other hand, it cannot 
be denied that the practical carrying out of this plan involves considerable difficul- 
ties, which are clearly set forth in the last Report on Fluid Extracts made by Prof. 
C. Lewis Diehl in the following words : 

" It is well known that different samples of the same drug vary in their strength. 
and often quite materially. It may, therefore, be argued that, if we can approxi- 
mately arrive at the weight of a given volume of a fluid extract, obtained by a given 
process, we can formulate the latter so as to dispense with measurement by volume 
altogether. 

" I hold, however, that this would be venturing upon very dangerous ground. We 
must make a beginning somewhere, and the beginning in all cases except opium and 
a few other highly active drugs, should be the drug itself — the conditions of which 
admit of explicit description. Now, if it is claimed that by a change in the notation 
of the officinal formulas to parts by weight, the prescribers will at once— or at all 
events, after a reasonably short time— accommodate themselves to the new system of 
notation, a perfectly plain course would be before us ; we would make the fluid 
extracts correspond, in weight, to that of the drug from which they are prepared. 
But it will not be contended that so complete a revolution in the present mode of pre- 
scribing is expected, if, indeed, it is intended. On the, contrary, it appears to be the 
object to so construct the formulas for officinal liquid preparations that, while the 
relation of their weight to volume remains the same as now, all measurement shall 
be expressed by weight. A glance at table n. in my first report will show that we 
cannot hope to attain accuracy if we attempt such a construction of the formulas 
for fluid extracts ; and since accuracy is one of the main objects for discarding mea- 
surement by volume, I do not see how we can gain anything by discarding an accu- 
racy that is attainable by care, for one that is only attainable by accident, no matter 
how careful the manipulation may be. I would, therefore, say that, if we aim to 
secure uniformity as regards the quantity of drug to be represented by a given vol- 
ume of fluid extract, we cannot discard volumetric measurement. And it is not at 
all necessary in the construction of formulas that we should express quantities by the 
metric or any other system of weights and measures, although I can see no objection 
to it, more particularly since an important branch of our national medical service has 
adopted and directs the formulation of prescriptions by metric weights and measures 
But, if there exists a reasonable objection to* the adoption of a particular system, the 
notations in the formulas of the U. S. Ph. could be expressed by the terms weight and 
volume : a ' volume ' being understood to be the space occupied by pure water, at a 
temperature of 15° C, corresponding to a 'weight,' arbitrarily chosen as circum- 
stances may require. The process for a fluid extract might then be formulated 
as stated below, under 4." 

The following processes for making Fluid Extracts deserve consideration 
here : 
1. Proctor's Process (U. S. Ph. of 1860). This may, briefly and in a general 

way, be described thus : 16 troy § of the drug are moistened, packed in a , 
4 



50 

percolator, and extracted with the menstruum until 12 fl. § of first perco- 
late are obtained. This is set aside, and the percolation continued until 
32 fl. § of a second percolate have passed. The latter is evaporated to 4 
fl. § , which are then mixed with the reserved portion. 

2. Campbell's Process (\J. S. Ph. of 1870): 16 troy 1 of the drug are moistened, 
packed in a percolator, and the menstruum is poured on top. When the 
liquid begins to drop from the orifice, the latter is closed with a cork, and 
the percolator set aside in a moderately warm place for 4 days. The cork 
is then removed, and 14 fi. § of percolate are collected, which are reserved. 
A second portion of 10 fl. § is then to be collected, which is to be evaporated 
to 2 fl. 1 (mostly with the addition of 1 fl. § of glycerin). The two portions 
are then mixed together. 

b\ Dr. SquiWs Process. The Process of Eepercolation. 32 parts of the pow- 
dered drug are divided into 4 equal portions of 8 parts each, one of which is 
moistened, packed, macerated, and then slowly displaced until exhausted. 
The percolate is received in fractions of about 4 parts each after the first, 
the first 6 parts being reserved, and the next fraction used for moistening 
the second lot of 8 parts of the drug, which is afterwards macerated and 
displaced with the remaining fractions, the weakest being used last, and 
then new menstruum to exhaustion. From this portion 8 parts of percolate 
are reserved. The third and fourth portions of 8 parts each of the drug are 
percolated in the same manner as the second, and finally the four reserved 
percolates (6, 8, 8, 8 parts) are mixed to obtain 30 parts of fluid extract. 
The fractions of weaker percolate from the fourth portion are preserved for 
a subsequent operation, when from each portion of 8 parts of powder, 8 
parts of percolate are received as finished fluid extract, and another set of 
fractions, and, so on. See Proc. Am. Pharm. Assoc, for 1878 and Nat . 
Dispens., p. 595. 

4. Prof. DiehVs " Weight and Volume Process" (see above) : Take of the drug 
in No. x powder, 16 weights; alcohol, water, of each a sufficiency. Mix 
n weights of alcohol with x weights of water; moisten the powder with 
a sufficient quantity of this mixture, and having packed it in a percolator 
suitably prepared, pour on the menstruum until the entire column of pow- 
der is penetrated and an excess remains upon the surface. Carefully 
cover the percolator, set it aside in a moderately warm place, and, after 2 
(3, or 4) days, proceed to percolate. Collect the first 12 volumes which 
pass, separately in a bottle graduated to 16 volumes, and set this aside care- 
fully stoppered. Continue the percolation until the drug is exhausted. 
Ascertain the quantity of extractive matter in this second percolate, by 
the evaporation of a suitable portion of the same to dryness, and then 
subject the whole to distillation and subsequent evaporation on a water- 
bath, until its weight is so far reduced that by the addition of alcohol the 
strength of the original menstruum be restored, and it shall measure 4 
volumes. Finally add these 4 volumes of liquid to the 12 volumes of reserved 
percolate, and filter if necessary. 

1 The object which Prof. Diehl seeks to attain is to restore the menstruum of the 
evaporated portion as nearly as may be to its original alcoholic strength, so that, on 



51 

being mixed with the reserved portion, it may not cause precipitation in the latter. It 
should be distinctly stated that Prof. Diehl does not directly advocate this process for 
adoption in the next U. S. Ph. ; he offers it merely as an alternative, if it should be 
decided to continue the present relationship of fluid extracts to the crude drug, 
namely, measure for weight. 

As this is not the proper place for a discussion of the merits of the different 
plans proposed, it will be sufficient to subjoin a list of Fluid Extracts proposed to be 
included in the next U. S. Ph., each accompanied by a statement of the menstruum 
recommended. In this list, the terms Stronger Alcohol (Str. Ale.) and Alcohol (Ale.) 
are used in the same sense in which they are now employed in the U. S. Ph., namely, 
of the spec. gr. 0.817 and 0.835 respectively. The accompanying figures represent the 
fineness of powder. Where two figures are given (for instance, 4-20), this is under- 
stood to mean that the whole powder would pass through the coarser (No. 4) sieve, 
and that the finest portion would pass through the finer (No. 20) sieve. The expression 
ce.*means: cut and crushed, or torn into shreds. The figures and menstrua inclosed 
in brackets [ ] are given on the authority of Dr. E. R. Squibb, as at present used by him ; 
but he thinks many of the menstrua might be weaker in alcohol. Those which are 
inclosed in parentheses ( ) are offered as suggestions of individual members of the 
Committee. For instance: 

[80. Ale. 2, Wat. 1] means that Dr. Squibb proposes to employ the drug in powder 
of such a fineness that it will pass through a sieve having meshes one-eightieth inch 
square less the diameter of the wire ; and that a mixture by weight of 2 parts of 
alcohol and 1 part of water is at present used by him as menstruum. 

(20. Ale.) means that some members of the Committee propose to use the drug 
in powder, passing through a sieve with meshes of one-twentieth inch square, etc. ; 
and to use alcohol as menstruum. 

Extractum Fluidum : * Apocyni Cannabini (80; Dil. Ale). — *Aromaticum 
[full title : Extractum Aromaticum Fluidum. From Pulvis Aromaticus, 
IT. S. Ph. 20; Str. Ale, 2; Wat., 1].— Asclepiadis Tuberosae [20; Dil. 
Ale.].— * Aurantii (20; Dil. Ale.).— Belladonnae Radicis [80; Str. Ale., 2; 
Wat., 1].— * Berberidis (40; Dil. Ale.).— Buchu [80; Str. Ale.].— * Calami 
(20; Str. Ale., 3; Wat., 2).—* Castaneae (exhaust 16 parts with hot water ; 
add Glyc, 5; and Sugar, 5; evap. to 16 parts;. — Chimaphilae (50; Ale., 3: 
Glyc., 2; Wat., 2).— Calumbae [4-12; Dil. Ale.].—* Capsici [20; Str. Ale].— 

* Cardamomi Co. [Cardam., 6; Caraway, 2; Cinnaru., 5 parts; 20; Str. 
Ale., 2; Wat., 1].— Cimicifugae [20; Str. Ale.].— Cinchonae [40; Ale., 3; 
Glyc., 1].— Colchici Radicis (50; Ale, 10; Glyc, 4; Wat., 1).— Colchici 
Seminis [30; Str. Ale, 2; Wat., 1].— Conii Fructus [20; Dil. Ale, 865; 
Acet. Ac, 1].— Cornus Florida* (60; Dil. Ale, 5; Glyc, 1).— Cubebae [20; 
Str. Ale].— * Cypripedii [20; Str. Ale].— Digitalis [80; Ale].— Dulcamaras 
[80; Dil. Ale].— Ergotae [30; Dil. Ale, 865; Acet. Ac, 1].— Erigerontis 
Canadensis (40; Ale).— * Erythroxyli [20: Str. Ale, 1; Wat., 2.].— 

* Eucalypti [20; Str. Ale].— * Eupatorii Perfoliati and E. Purpurei (4-20, 
Ale, 5; Glyc, 3; Wat., 12).— * Frangulae [20; Str. Ale, 4; Wat., 15].— 
Gelsemii [80; Dil. Ale].— Gentianae [20; Dil. Ale].— Geranii (50; Dil. 
Ale, 5; Glyc, 1).— Glycyrrhizae [6-50; Str. Ale, 2; Glyc, 1; Wat., 7].— 
Gossypii Radicis [ce; Str. Ale, 2; Glyc, 1; Wat., 1].— * Grindeliae 
Robustae (4-20; Ale, 3; Wat., 2).— * Guaranae [50; Dil. Ale].— * Hama- 
melidis (ce; Ale, 1; Glyc, 1; Wat., 4).— * Helianthemi (4-20; Ale, 5; 
Glyc, 3; Wat., 12).— Hydrastis [20; Dil. Ale].— Hyoscyami [80; Str. Ale, 
2: Wat., 1].— Ipecacuanhae [80; Ale].— * Juglandis [80; Dil. Ale].— 
♦Juniperi [8: Dil. Ale].— Krameriae [80; Ale, 28; Glyc, 16; Wat., 21].— 



52 

*Lactucarii [12; Dil. Ale; or, see formula at end of this list]. — * Lappae 
(20; Dil. Ale).— * Leptandrae (40; Dil. Ale, 5; Glyc., 1).— Lupulinae [60; 
Str. Ale.].— Matico (50; Dil. Ale.].— Mezerei (40; Str. Ale.).— * Nucis 
Vomicae [12; Str. Ale.].— Pareirae [80; Str. Ale., 2; Glyc., 3; "Wat., 5].— 
* Physostigmatis (60; Ale.).— * Pilocarpi [20; Str. Ale., 1; Wat., 2].— 
*Podophylli [20; Str. Ale.].— Pruni Virginianae [20; Str. Ale., 7; Glyc., 
11; Wat., 17], or (Ale., 5; Glyc, 1; Wat., 12), or (Glyc, 2; Wat., 3).— 
*Quassiae [8; Dil. Ale, 2; Wat., 1].— Rhei [20; Ale, 3; Glyc, 1].— Rubi 
(40; Dil. Ale).— * Rumicis (40; Ale, 5; Glyc, 3; Wat., 12).— Sabinae (50; 
Str. Ale). — * Sanguinariae [20; Dil. Ale, 865; Acet. Ac, 1]. — Sarsaparillae 
Co. [6-30; Str. Ale, 1; Glyc, 1; Wat., 3].— Sarsaparillae [6-30; Str. Ale, 
1; Glyc, 1; Wat., 3].— Scillae [entire; Dil. Ale].— *Scoparii (ce; Ale, 5; 
Glyc, 3; Wat., 12).— Senegae [20; Str. Ale, 800; Aq. Ammon., 1; Wat., 
400].— Sennae [20; Dil. Ale].— Serpentariae [80; Dil. Ale].— Spigeliae et 
Sennae [20; Dil. Ale].— Spigeliae [20; Dil. Ale].— * Stillingiae Co. 
(Stilling., 4; Turkey Corn (Corydalis), 4; Blue Flag, 2; Elder fl., 2; Pip- 
sissewa, 2; Coriand., 1; Prickly Ash berr., 1 part. 4-20; Ale, 1; Glyc, 2; 
Wat., 4).— *Stillingiae [ce; Dil. Ale].— * Stramonii Seminis [20; Str. 
Ale].— * Sumbul (ce; Dil. Ale).— Taraxaci [20; Dil. Ale]. — * Tritici 
(exhaust 16 parts with hot water; add Glye, 6; evaporate to 16 parts). — 
Uvse Ursi [26; Str. Ale, 2; Glyc, 3; Wat., 5].— Valerianae [20; Str. 
Ale].— Veratri Viridis [20; Ale].— * Xanthoxyli Caroliniani [20; Dil. 
Ale].—* Xanthoxyli Fraxinei [20; Dil. Ale].— Zingiberis [20; Str. Ale]. 

* Extractum Lactucarii Fluidum. Fluid Extract of Lactucarium. 

Take of Lactucarium, sixteen parts 16 

Benzin, thirty-two parts 32 

Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Beat the Lactucarium thoroughly in an iron mortar, then introduce 
it into a wide-mouth bottle, of the capacity of about forty-eight parts of 
water, add the Benzin, cork tightly, and macerate, with frequent agitation, 
for 24 hours. Then let it stand for about 24 hours, or until the Lactucarium 
subsides, and the Benzin solution becomes clear or nearly so. Decant the 
Benzin solution, transfer the Lactucarium to a stone or glass slab, spread 
it as thin as possible, and allow it to remain there until it is completely 
dry (at least 24 hours). Then rub it in an iron mortar with an equal 
iveight of clean sand, introduce it into a conical percolator, first prepared 
with a disk of flannel and a thin layer of sand, pack lightly and add Di- 
luted Alcohol to the depth of several inches. When the liquid begins to 
drop, close the orifice of the percolator with a cork and allow it to stand 
at rest, well-covered, for 24 hours. Now remove the cork and collect 

four parts 4- 

of percolate, which set aside. Continue the percolation until the Lactu- 
carium is exhausted, recover the Alcohol from the percolate by distilla- 
tion from a water-bath, and evaporate the residue on a water-bath to ten 
parts • 10 



53 

Mix this with the reserved portion, filter, and wash the filter with enough 
Diluted Alcohol to make the whole product weigh sixteen parts . . 16 

1 This is Mr. Lembergers formula. It yields a good product, and is introduced 
chiefly for the purpose of preparing the syrup quickly when wanted. 

* Fel Bovis. 

* Fel Bovis Purificatum. Purified Ox-gall. 

Take of Fresh Ox-gall, one part 1 

Alcohol ("Strong. Ale"), one par t 1 

Purified Animal Charcoal, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Mix the Ox-gall with the Alcohol thoroughly by shaking in a bottle. 
Allow it to stand at rest for a short time; then filter, transfer the filtrate 
to a flask and distil off the Alcohol. Add to the residuary liquid, gradu- 
ally and in small portions at a time, 

Purified Animal Charcoal, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

so that a small filtered sample of the liquid will have only a faint yellow 
color. Filter the solution, evaporate it on a water-bath, and dry the 
residuary extract completely, in thin layers, spread upon plates of glass 
or porcelain, at a temperature not exceeding 100° C. (=212° F.). Preserve 
it in small glass-stoppered vials. 

Char. — Purified ox-gall forms yellowish-white scales or an hygroscopic 
powder, completely soluble in water and alcohol, leaving behind, on incinera- 
tion, but a very small residue of alkaline reaction. 7 parts correspond to about 
100 parts of fresh ox-gall. 

Fermentum (d). — * Ferri Bromidum (?see Syrupus Ferri Brom.). 

Ferri Chloridum. Chloride of Iron. 

Take of Iron, in the form of fine wire, and cut into small pieces, 

fifteen parts 15 

Hydrochloric Acid, eighty-six paints 86 

Nitric Acid, a sufficient quantity . . . , . . q. s. 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Put the Iron wire into a capacious flask, pour upon it 

Hydrochloric Acid, fifty-four par ts 54 

and let the mixture stand until effervescence ceases; then heat it to the 
boiling point, decant the liquid, filter through paper, and, having rinsed 
the flask and Iron wire with a little boiling Distilled Water, pass the 
washings through the filter. Add to the filtered liquid 

Hydrochloric Acid, thirty-two parts 32 

and pour the mixture slowly and gradually in a fine stream into 

Nitric Acid, eight parts 8 

contained in a capacious porcelain vessel. After effervescence ceases, 
apply heat, by means of a sand-bath, until the liquid is free from nitrous 



54 

odor and ceases to yield a blue precipitate or color with f erricyanide of 
potassium. Should the latter be the case, a little more Nitric Acid must 
be added, and the excess evaporated off. Transfer the liquid to a smaller 
capsule, evaporate it, by a gentle heat, on a sand-bath, until it is reduced 

to sixty-five parts 65 

and set this aside, covered with glass, until it forms a solid, crystalline 
mass. Lastly, break it into pieces, and keep the fragments in a glass- 
stoppered bottle protected from the light. 

Ferri Citras. Citrate of Iron. 

Take of Solution of Citrate of Iron, a convenient quantity . q. s. 

Evaporate the solution, at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. (or 140° F.), 
to the consistence of syrup, and spread it on plates of glass, so that the salt, 
when dry, may be obtained in scales. 

Ferri et Ammonii Citras (a). Citrate of Iron and Ammonium. 

Take of Solution Citrate of Iron, three parts 3 

Water of Ammonia, one part 1 

Mix the solution of Citrate of Iron with the Water of Ammonia, evapo- 
rate the mixture at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. (or 140° F.) to the con- 
sistence of syrup, and spread it upon plates of glass, so that the salt, when 
dry, may be obtained in scales. 

Char. — Garnet red, translucent scales, having a slightly ferruginous taste, 
and readily and wholly soluble in water. The solution causes no change in the 
color of litmus or turmeric, and does not yield a precipitate with ferrocyanide 
of potassium. Solution of potassa produces with it a precipitate of ferric 
oxide, and when rubbed with potassa and moistened, the salt emits the odor 
of ammonia. 

If This formula has been constructed on the basis of the formula of the present 
U. S. Ph. The water of ammonia is slightly in excess, but this is lost during the 
evaporation. 

Approximations. 
Liq. Ferri Cit. . 16 fl. I = 9041 grs. 77.4 77 3 # 

Aqua Amm. . 6 fl. | = 2685 " 22.5 23 1 

Ferri et Ammonii Citras (b). Citrate of Iron and Ammonium. 

Take of Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, seventy parts . . 70 

Citric Acid, twenty-one parts 21 

Water of Ammonia, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

To Water of Ammonia, sixty-four parts 64 

diluted with cold Water, one hundred parts 100 

add, under constant stirring, the Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, pre- 
viously diluted with cold Water, tivo hundred parts 200 



55 

Pour the whole on a wet muslin strainer, allow the precipitate to drain, 
then return it to the vessel, and niix it intimately with cold 

Water eight hundred parts 800 

Again drain it on the strainer, and repeat the same operation once more. 
Place the drained precipitate into an evaporating vessel, add to it 

Citric Acid, thirteen parts 13 

and stir until the latter is dissolved. Then add to this mixture a solu- 
tion, obtained by dissolving Citric Acid, eight parts 8 

in a slight excess of Water of Ammonia, and evaporating to twenty-two 

parts 22 

Stir well, and when the hydrated oxide of iron is dissolved, filter and 
evaporate to the consistence of a thick syrup. Spread this on plates of 
glass, so that the salt, when dry, may be obtained in scales. 

1 This formula has been constructed on the basis of that furnished by Mr. J. U. 
Lloyd, who, however, employed definite weights and measures which were recalcu- 
lated into the nearest round numbers of parts by weight. The several quantities of 
Mr. Lloyd's formula bear the following relation to parts by weight : 

Approximations. 

Sol. Tersulph.Tron . . . 16 fl. 3 9,624 grs. 700 70 

Citric Acid, total . . . 2,844 grs. 2,844 " 208 21 

of this to be added to Ox. of Iron 1,094 " 1,094 " 80 8 

to be made into Cit. of Amm. . 1,750 " 1,750 " 128 13 

This solution to make . . 5 fl. I ab. 3,000 " 220 22 

Water of Ammonia for Precipitation 20 fl. ? 8,749 " 634 64 

Cold Water .... 20 ab. 14,500 " 1,057 100 

Do. do. . . ' . 2 ab. 29,000 " 2,114 200 

Ferri et Ammonii Sulphas. 

Ferri et Ammonii Tartras. Tartrate of Iron and Ammonium. 

Take of Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, ninety parts ... 90 

Tartaric Acid, sixty parts 60 

Carbonate of Ammonium, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 
Water of Ammonia, seventy-two parts .... 72 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

To the Water of Ammonia, previously diluted with cold 

Water, one hundred and eighty parts . . 180 

add, under constant stirring, the Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, pre- 
viously diluted with cold Water, nine hundred parts .... 900 
Pour the whole on a wet muslin strainer, allow the precipitate to drain, 
then return it to the vessel, and mix it intimately with cold 

Water, one thousand parts 1000 

Again drain it on the strainer, and repeat the operation once more. Then 
allow the precipitate to drain completely. 

Dissolve one-half of the Tartaric Acid in 

Distilled Water, one hundred and thirty parts 130 

neutralize the solution exactly with Carbonate of Ammonium, then add the 



56 

other half of the Tartaric Acid, and dissolve by the application of a gen- 
tle heat. Then, while continuing the heat, which should not exceed 60° 
C. (=140° F.), add the magma of hydrated oxide of iron in small portions 
at a time until it is no longer dissolved. Filter the solution, evaporate it 
at a temperature not exceeding. 60° C. (=140° F.) to about one hundred 

and thirty parts 130 

and spread it on plates of glass, so that the salt, when dry, may be 
obtained in scales. 

1 Characters, as at present. This formula is slightly altered, it is believed to 
advantage. 

Ferri et Potassii Tartras (a). Tartrate of Iron and Potassium. 

Take of Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, twelve parts ... 12 

Bitartrate of Potassium, four parts 4 

Water of Ammonia, eleven par ts 11 

Distilled Water, forty parts . . .... 40 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

To the Water of Ammonia, previously diluted with cold 

Water, twenty parts 20 

add the solution of Tersulphate of Iron, previously diluted with cold 

Water, thirty-four parts 34 

Pour the whole on a wet muslin strainer, allow the precipitate to drain, 
then return it to the vessel, and mix it intimately with cold 

Water, one hundred and forty parts 140 

Again drain it on the strainer, and repeat the same operation once more. 

Mix the Bitartrate of Potassium with the Distilled Water, heat the mix- 
ture to 60° C. (= 140° F.), and keeping it at that temperature, gradually add 
the drained Hydrated Oxide of Iron, frequently stirring, until, after the lapse 
of two hours, it is no longer dissolved. Set the liquid aside in a cool and 
dark place, filter it when cold, evaporate the filtrate at a temperature not 
exceeding 60° C. (== 140° F.) to the consistence of thick syrup, and spread it 
upon plates of glass or porcelain, so that the salt, when dry, may be obtained 
in scales. 

II The proportions are calculated on the basis of the formula in the present U. S. 
Ph. The formula was extended so as to include the preparation of the hydrated 
oxide of iron, and made more precise in other respects. In practice, however, the 
formula does not work well. 

Ferri et Potassii Tartras (5). Tartrate of Iron and Potassium. 

Take of Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, twelve parts ... 12 

Bitartrate of Potassium, four parts 4 

Water of Ammonia, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Distilled Water, thirty-two parts 32 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 



57 

To Water of Ammonia, eleven parts 11 

diluted with cold Water, twenty parts 20 

add the Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, previously diluted with cold 

Water, thirty-four parts 34 

Pour the whole on a wet muslin strainer, allow the precipitate to drain, 
then return it to the vessel, and mix it intimately with cold water, one 
hundred and forty parts 140 

Again drain it on the strainer, and repeat the same operation once 
more. 

Put the drained precipitate into a stone or porcelain vessel, add to 

it Distilled Water, thirty-two parts 32 

heat the mixture by means of a water or steam-bath to a temperature not 
exceeding 60 3 C. (= 140° F.), add the Bitartrate of Potassium and stir until the 
Hydrated Oxide of Iron is dissolved. 

Filter while hot, and let the filtrate stand in a cool place for 24 hours. 
Then stir it well with a wooden or porcelain spatula, so that the precipitate 
which has formed in it is thoroughly incorporated with the liquid. Now add 
very cautiously just sufficient Water of Ammonia to dissolve the precipitate. 
Evaporate the liquid, in a porcelain vessel, to the consistence of thick syrup, 
and spread it upon plates of glass or porcelain, so that the salt when dry may 
be obtained in scales. 

Char. — Transparent garnet-red scales of a slightly sweetish taste, soluble 
in half their weight of cold water, and but little deliquescent. It is neutral 
to test-paper and is not precipitated at common temperatures by potassa, soda, 
or ammonia, nor rendered blue by ferrocyanide of potassium. On adding 
caustic potassa to the powdered scales, and moistening, the odor of ammonia 
is evolved. 

*[ Mr. J. U. Lloyd's formula directs only 9 parts of Solution of Tersulphate of Iron 
to 4 of Cream of Tartar. As he himself says, about 20# of the latter are in excess. 
Nevertheless he seems to find these proportions to work well, especially on a large 
scale, as the residue from one operation can be utilized in the next. The quantity of 
the Solution of Tersulphate of Iron has been increased to more usual proportions. 
The addition of ammonia, even as much as 15^, is very commonly practised, and even 
sanctioned by such authorities as Hager. The latter directs 300 parts Sol. Tersulph. 
Iron (spec. gr. 1,317), 80 parts Bitart. of Potass., free from lime, and 15 parts Water of 
Ammonia, etc. According to Mr. Lloyd, the amount of ammonia really required is 
very small, and is not likely to interfere with the therapeutical properties of the salt. 

Ferri et Quiniae Citras (a). Citrate of Iron and Quinia. 

Take of Solution of Tersulphate of Iron thirty-nine parts . . 39 

Sulphate of Quinia, five parts 5 

Citric Acid, fifteen parts 15 

Water of Ammonia, a sufficient quantity . . q. s. 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix Water of Ammonia, thirty-one parts 31 



58 

with cold Water, eighty parts 80 

and add to the mixture, under constant stirring, the solution of Tersul- 
phate of Iron, previously diluted with cold Water, four hundred parts . 400 
Pour the whole on a wet muslin strainer, allow the precipitate to drain, 
then return it to the vessel, and mix it intimately with cold 

Water, five hundred parts 500 

Again drain it on the strainer, and repeat the operation once more. Then 
allow the excess of Water to drain off. Dissolve the Sulphate of Quinia 

in Water, forty parts 40 

with the aid of sufficient Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and precipitate the 
alkaloid by the addition of Water of Ammonia in slight excess. Wash 
the precipitated quinia, on a filter, with cold Water one hundred parts . 100 
Dissolve the Citric Acid in Distilled Water, forty parts .... 40 

and, having placed the vessel on a water-bath, add the moist hydrated 
oxide of iron, and when this is dissolved, the precipitated quinia. When 
the solution is complete, add to it in small quantities at a time 
Water of Ammonia, seven parts . . . . . . . . . 7 

previously diluted with Distilled Water, ten parts 10 

stirring briskly, and waiting after each addition until the quinia which has 
separated is again dissolved. Then filter the solution, evaporate it to a syrupy 
consistence, and spread it on plates of glass or porcelain, so that the salt when 
dry may be obtained in scales. ' 

1 The formula of the present U. S. Ph. yields a product which is found much fault 
with on account of its difficult solubility. Hence the above formula is recommended, 
which is constructed on the basis of that of the Brit. Ph., with some improvements in 
manipulation. The exact proportions, by weight, of the important constituents of 
the Brit. Ph. are: Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, 3,534 grains; Sulphate of Quinia, 
437.5 grains; Citric Acid, 1,312 grains; Water of Ammonia (to be added last), 633 
grains. The proportions in the above formula will yield a practically identical 
product. The following formula is contributed by Mr. B. F. Mclntyre, of New York. 

Ferri et Quiniae Citras (b). Citrate of Iron and Quinia. 

Take of Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, three hundred and sixty 

parts 360 

Water of Ammonia, spec. gr. 0.934, two hundred and 

thirty-two parts 232 

Citric Acid, in crystals, one hundred and twenty-eight parts 128 

Sulphate of Quinia, twenty-seven parts .... 27 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

To the Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, mixed with 

Water, seven hundred and twenty parts .' 720 

add, in small portions at a time, and constantly stirring, 
Water of Ammonia (spec. gr. 0.934), one hundred and eighty-six parts 186 

To the mixture containing the precipitated oxide of iron add enough 
Water to make the whole weigh two thousand parts .... 2000 
and mix thoroughly. Let it stand until the oxide of iron has subsided, 



59 

then decant or siphon off the clear supernatant liquid, and add a fresh 
portion of water. Repeat this process until the washings come off nearly 
tasteless; then pour the whole upon a wet muslin strainer and allow the 
precipitate to drain until water ceases to drop from it. Remove it from 
the strainer into a porcelain dish and add to it Citric Acid, eighty parts . 80 
Stir the mixture until the oxide is dissolved; then evaporate the solution 
at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. (=140° F.), until it has a specific 
gravity of 1.250. Dissolve the remainder of the Citric Acid, namely 

forty-eight parts 48 

in the solution of citrate of iron, without further heating, and add the 

Sulphate of Quinia. When the latter is dissolved, and the solution has 

cooled to the ordinary temperature, add, under constant stirring, and in 

small portions at a time, 

Water of Ammonia, spec. grav. 0.934, forty-six parts .... 46 

waiting after each addition, until the precipitated quinia has redissolved. 

Filter the solution, and evaporate it at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. 

(=140° F.) until it has a spec. grav. of 1.360. Finally spread it on glass or 

porcelain plates, and dry it with a gentle heat, so that the salt may be 

obtained in scales. 

The product should weigh one hundred and ninety-two parts . . .192 

Proposed Test of Citrate of Iron and Quinia. 
(By Prof. Alb. B. Prescott.) 

Dissolve a weighed quantity, of about 4 grams of the scales, in a sufficient 
quantity of distilled water, by the aid of heat. When cool, transfer the solu- 
tion to a glass separator, rinsing the dish; add a water solution of about | gram 
of tartaric acid, then add solution of soda in decided excess; and extract the 
alkaloid with three or four portions of water-washed chloroform. Each por- 
tion of the chloroform, of about 15 cc, to be well shaken with the solution. 
Set the mixture aside for an hour, or until separation is complete, and then 
draw off the chloroform solution. Evaporate the chloroform solution in a 
weighed dish, and dry the residue at 100° C. The residue should weigh from 

to per cent of the weight of the scales taken. On treating this 

residue with thirty to forty times its weight of water-washed ether, it should 
dissolve with little or no residuum. 

The tartaric acid prevents precipitation of ferric hydrate, an interference 
with the separation of the chloroform layer. As to the results by chloroform 
extraction, see report of Mr. A. N. Palmer, f and of the present writer in 
18774 As to the percentage of quinia, dried at 100° C, which ought to be 
required, I have no other information than I have indicated in my report just 
referred to,§ from determination, and from calculation with allowance for 

tPhar. Jour, and Trans. [3], vii. 89 (July 29th, 1876); Pro. Am. Phar. Asso., 1877, xxv., 302. 
See, also, Allen: Phar. Jour, and Trans. [3], vi. 964 (June 3d, 1876). 

t Am. Jour. Phar., xllx., 484 (Oct , 1877); Pro. Am. Phar. Asso., 1878, xxvi., 574. 
§ Am. Jour. Phar., xlix., 486; Pro. Am. Phar. Asso., 1878, 574. 



60 

water found, as the mean of that in five samples. The water varied from 6.8 
to 12.5 per cent. The quinia percentage will be varied by the water, and will 
range from 12 to 15 per cent, in faithfully made lots. Say "about 12 to 13 
per cent." 

Ferri et Strychniae Citras. Citrate of Iron and Strychnia. 

Take of Citrate of Iron and Ammonium, ninety-eight par ts . 98 

Strychnia, one part . . . . . . . . 1 

Citric Acid, one part 1 

Distilled Water, one hundred and twenty parts . . . 120 

Dissolve the Citrate of Iron and Ammonium in 

Water, one hundred parts 100 

and the Strychnia together with the Citric Acid in Water, twenty parts 20 
Mix the two solutions, evaporate the mixture by means of a water-bath, 
at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. (= 140° F.) to the consistence of 
thick syrup, and spread it upon plates of glass or porcelain, so that, when 
dry, the salt may be obtained in scales. 

1 Contains 1% of Strychnia, as now. 

Ferri Ferrocyanidum (d).— Ferri Hypophosphis. 

Ferri Iodidum * Saccharatum. Saccharated Iodide of Iron. 

Take of Iodine, sixteen parts 16 

Iron, in the form of fine wire, and cut into small pieces, 

five parts 5 

Distilled Water, twenty parts 20 

Sugar of Milk, in fine powder, eighty parts ... 80 

Mix the Iodine, Iron wire and Distilled Water in a flask of thin glass, 
shake the mixture occasionally until the reaction ceases, and the solution 
has acquired a green color and lost the smell of Iodine. Then filter it 
through a wetted filter into a porcelain capsule, containing the Sugar of 
Milk, add a little Distilled Water through the filter, to wash the latter, 
and evaporate the contents of the capsule, on a water-bath, under con- 
stant stirring, until a dry mass remains. Lastly, reduce this to powder, 
and preserve it in small well-closed vials, protected from the light. 

Char. — A yellowish-white powder, containing 20 per cent of ferrous 
iodide, and soluble in 7 parts of water, forming almost a clear solution. The 
aqueous solution, mixed first with starch, and then cautiously with chlorine 
water, is colored deep blue. 

1 This is proposed as a substitute for the present Ferri Iodidum, which does not 
keep well. 

Ferri Lactas. — Ferri Oxalas (d). 



61 

Ferri Oxidum Hydratum. Hydrated Oxide of Iron. 

Take of Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, ten parts .... 10 

Water of Ammonia, eight parts 8 

Cold Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

To the Water of Ammonia, previously diluted with 

cold Water, twenty parts 20 

add, under constant stirring, the Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, pre- 
viously diluted with cold Water, one hundred parts .... 100 
Pour the whole on a wet muslin strainer, allow the precipitate to drain, 
then return it to the vessel, and mix it intimately with 

cold Water, one hundred and twenty par ts • .120 

Again drain it on the strainer, and repeat the operation once more. 
Lastly, mix the precipitate with sufficient cold Water to make the 

mixture weigh twenty parts 20 

and transfer it to a wide-mouthed bottle which must be securely stopped. 
When Hydrated Oxide of Iron is to be made in haste for use as an 
antidote, the washing may be performed more quickly, though less per- 
fectly, by pressing the strainer forcibly with the hands until no more 
liquid passes, and then adding sufficient water to make the whole weigh 

about ticenty parts . 20 

N.B. — The ingredients for preparing Hydrated Oxide of Iron, as an antidote, 
should always be kept on hand, in a special place, in bottles holding 
respectively about 300 grammes (or 10 troy § ) of the Solution of Tersul- 
phate of Iron, and 240 grammes (or 8 troy 1 ) of Water of Ammonia. 

Char. — Hydrated Oxide of Iron is wholly soluble in hydrochloric acid 
without effervescence. If dried at a temperature not exceeding 82° C. (or 180° 
F.), it will afterwards lose, on exposure to a red heat, 18$ of water. 

1 The first part of this formula is based on the suggestion of Mr. J. U. Lloyd. 

Ferri Phosphas. Phosphate of Iron. 

H If the following should be introduced in addition, it would be necessary to 
qualify this salt by an adjective, perhaps : ccerulea (blue), or subccerulea (bluish, 
pale-blue). 

* Ferri Phosphas Alba. White Phosphate of Iron. 

Take of Solution of Chloride of Iron, sixteen parts ... 16 

Phosphate of Sodium, nineteen par ts 19 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Dissolve the Phosphate of Sodium in 

Water, two hundred parts 200 

and add to the solution gradually, and under constant stirring, the Solu- 
tion of Chloride of Iron, previously mixed with 
Water, one hundred parts 100 



62 

Wash the precipitated Phosphate of Iron, first by repeated decantation 
with warm Water, using each time about four hundred parts . . . 400 
then transfer it to a muslin strainer, and continue the washing with 
Water, until the latter runs off tasteless. Allow the precipitate to drain, 
then spread it out in a thin layer on the strainer, or on bibulous paper, 
and dry it by exposure to warm air. 

1 When solutions of phosphate of sodium and chloride of iron are mixed, some free 
hydrochloric acid is formed, which is usually avoided by the addition of a correspond- 
ing amount of acetate of sodium. The latter sets free acetic acid, and combines 
with the hydrochloric acid. The proportions, in the present case, would be : Solution of 
Chloride of Iron, 160 parts; Phosph. of Sodium, 130 parts; Acetate of Sodium, 50 parts 
(both of the latter somewhat in excess). In practice, however, the writer has found 
the formula above given, to yield a nicer and whiter product. 

This salt is proposed to be used in Syr. Phosphatum Co., and in Syr. Fern 
Quinice et Strychnice Phosph. (see these). The above formula yields about 100 parts 
of ferric phosphate. 

Ferri Pyrophosphas. Pyrophosphate of Iron. 

Take of Phosphate of Sodium, thirty parts 30 

Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, thirty-five parts . . .35 

or a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Citric Acid, eight parts 8 

Water of Ammonia, twenty parts 20 

or a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Heat the Phosphate of Sodium, in a porcelain capsule, until it under- 
goes the watery fusion, and continue the heat until it becomes dry. 
Transfer the dry salt to a shallow iron capsule, and heat it to incipient 
redness, without fusion. Then dissolve it in 

Water, one hundred and eighty parts 180 

with the aid of heat and, having filtered the solution and cooled it to the 
temperature of 10° C. (=50° F.), add the solution of Tersulphate of Iron, 
previously mixed with cold Water, one hundred parts . . . .100 
until it ceases to produce a precipitate. Stir the mixture thoroughly, and 
pour it upon a muslin strainer, and, when the precipitate is drained, wash 
it with Water, until the washings pass nearly tasteless. Then transfer it 
to a tared porcelain capsule. 

To the Citric Acid, contained in a suitable vessel, add the Water of 
Ammonia until the latter is present in slight excess, and the acid is dis- 
solved. Then add the solution to the precipitate in the tared capsule, stir 
them together, and evaporate until the liquid is reduced to 

eighty-four parts 84 

Spread this on plates of glass or porcelain, so that the salt, when dry, may 
be obtained in scales. Lastly, preserve it in a well-stopped bottle, pro- 
tected from the light. * 

If The slight alteration of the proportions of the ingredients will make a very 



63 

small difference in the percentage of anhydrous pyrophosphate of iron. This has not 
yet been determined for want of time. The formula of the present U. S. Ph., calcu- 
lated into parts by weight, is as follows : 

Approximation. 

. Phosph. Sodium 3,600 grs. 36 30 

Sol. Tersulph. Iron .... 4,210 " 42 35 

Citric Acid 960 " 10 8 

Aq. Ammon 2,461 " • 24 20 

Water 21,874 " 200 180 

Reduce to 7,680 " 84 

The Germ. Pliarm. Rep. gives the following characteristics : Yellowish -green, 
transparent scales, of mild saline taste, soluble in twice their weight of water. The 
solution of 1 part in 200 parts of water is nicely yellow, almost tasteless, and has no 
reaction on litmus paper. On addition of ammonia it turns brown, but remains clear; 
on warming now with solution of soda, hydrated oxide of iron precipitates, while 
ammonia escapes. Neither ferri- nor ferrocyanide of potassium produce precipitates 
in a solution of the salt ; but in presence of the last-named (not the ferri °) reagent, 
on addition of hydrochloric acid, Prussian blue is formed. Solution of sulphuretted 
hydrogen, on being mixed with a solution of 1 of the salt in 200 parts of water, at first 
does not produce any change, but shortly afterwards colors the mixture black. If 
some of the powdered scales are sprinkled on sulphuric acid, of spec, gr., 1.830, the 
latter should neither effervesce nor assume a darker color. It must be carefully 
protected from the light. 

Ferri Subcarbonas. — Ferri Sulphas. 

Ferri Sulphas Exsiccata. Exsiccated, or Dried Sulphate of Iron. 

Take of Sulphate of Iron, in coarse powder, a convenient quantity, q. s. 

Expose it, in an unglazed earthen vessel, to a moderate heat, with occa- 
sional stirring until it has effloresced ; then increase the heat to 149° C. (= 
300° F.), and maintain it at about that temperature until the salt ceases to lose 
weight. Lastly, reduce the residue to fine powder, and keep it in a well- 
stopped bottle. 

Char. — Dried Sulphate of Iron is a grayish-white powder, soluble in water 
with the exception of a small residue, and corresponding in chemical proper- 
ties to sulphate of iron. 61 parts of it correspond to 100 parts of crystallized 
sulphate of iron. 

Ferri Sulphuretum (see note to Calcii Sulphuretum.) — Ferrum. — Ferrum 
Reductum. 

t Although the verb redigo (from which comes the participle redactus) has the 
meaning " to bring to, to reduce to," etc. ; yet it is hardly ever so used, unless the con- 
dition, to which something or somebody is reduced, is added. The chemical term 
" reduced," standing by itself in the sense in which we use it, is better expressed by 
reductus, a, um, from reduco, to lead back, to reduce, etc. Hence it is proposed to 
alter the present Ferrum Redactum to Ferrum Reductum, as it is termed in the Germ. 
Pharm. 

The Germ. Pharm. Rep. adds to the latter : After digesting 0.5 gm. of Reduced 
Iron with a solution of 1.1 gm. of iodine, and 1.1 gm. of iodide of potassium in 25 gm. 
of distilled water for 2 hours, the solution should not contain any more free iodine . 
One part of Reduced Iron is soluble in 25 parts of solution of chloride of iron, spec, 
gr. 1.300. The Committee adds that " it would be much better to drop the Reduced 
Iron altogether, as Poivdered Iron may now be obtained of great purity." 



64 



Ficus.— Filix Mas. 



1 Perhaps some allied species of Aspidium, besides the Filix Mas, should be rec- 
ognized. See paper by Prof. Maisch in Am. Journ. Pharm., June, 1878, and National 
Dispensatory [2], 656. 

Foeniculum. — * Frangula. — Frasera. — * Fucus (F. vesiculosus L.). — Galbanum. 
— Galla. — Gambogia. 

* Gargarisma[ta]. Gargle[s]. 

1 The California College of Pharmacy and California Pharmaceutical Society sug- 
gest the introduction of a few standard formulae for gargles. 

* Gelatina. Gelatin. 

Char. — A peculiar nitrogenized substance, without taste or odor, obtained 
from animal tissues, swelling up in cold water, freely soluble in hot water, 
forming, when cool, a transparent, tremulous jelly. It is insoluble in alcohol 
and ether. It is precipitated from its aqueous solution by tannic acid. 

For pharmaceutical purposes, the purest commercial varieties alone should 
be used. 

1 See Sericum Gelatince. 

Gelsemium — Gentiana.— GentianaCatesbaei. — Geranium. — Geum. — Gillenia. 
Glycerinum. Glycerin. 

IT The termination in -um is preferable to that in -a. The Germ. Pharm. Rep. 
says: The spec. grav. is to be fixed at 1.230; glycerin containing 10$ of water has a 
spec. gr. of 1.237; with only h% of water, a spec. gr. of 1.250. In practice it is prefer- 
able to employ glycerin containing 10$ of water. Sugar is most readily detected by 
heating glycerin to boiling in a platinum capsule, and then igniting it. Pure glycerin 
burns without residue; if sugar is present, a good deal of carbon would remain. 
Butyric acid is shown to be present by an acid reaction of the glycerin, and may be 
extracted with ether. Since even the purest glycerin reduces nitrate of silver, par- 
ticularly on warming, this reagent is not suitable ; at least, it should not be used 
together with ammonia [as the Germ. Pharm. directs]. Glycerin is soluble in a mix- 
ture of 1 part of ether and 3 parts of alcohol. A test for nitric acid is superfluous, since 
this acid is no longer used for purifying crude glycerin. 

Glyceritum Acidi Garbolici. Glycerite of Carbolic Acid. 

Take of Carbolic Acid, one part 1 

Glycerin, five parts 5 

Weigh the glycerin into a tared bottle of proper capacity; then weigh 
into it the Carbolic Acid, previously melted by a gentle heat, and mix them. 

1 The present U. S. Ph. directs 2 1 Carbol. Acid, and 8 fl. § of Glycerin. The pro- 
duct contains therefore, by weight, 1 part of Acid in 4.75 parts. 

Glyceritum Acidi Gallici. Glycerite of Gallic Acid. 

Take of Gallic Acid, one part 1 

Glycerin, five parts . . . 5 



65 

Bub them together in a mortar; then transfer to a glass or porcelain cap- 
sule, avoiding contact of metals, and heat gently until the Acid is dissolved. 

1 The present strength is 1 part of Acid in 4.75 parts. 

Glyceritum Acidi Tannici. Glycerite of Tannic Acid. 

Take of Tannic Acid, one part 1 

Glycerin, five parts ........ 5 

Rub them together in a mortar; then transfer to a glass or porcelain cap- 
sule, avoiding contact of metals, and heat gently until the Acid is dissolved. 

T The present strength is 1 of acid in 4.75 parts. 

* Glyceritum Amyli. Glycerite of Starch. 

Take of Starch, one part 1 

Glycerin, nine parts 9 

Rub them together in a mortar until they are intimately mixed. Then 
transfer the mixture to a porcelain capsule, and apply a heat, gradually raised 
to 140° C. (=284° F.) and not exceeding 144° C. (=291° F.), constantly stir- 
ring, until the starch granules are completely dissolved, and a translucent jelly 
is formed. 

1 This is Mr. Lloyd's improved formula (see New Remedies, 1879, p. 200). The 
title of Glyceritum Amyli is preferable to that of Mucilago Amyli, as it is called in 
the Br. Ph., where the proportions are nearly the same. 

Glyceritum Picis Liquidae. Glycerite of Tar. 

Take of Tar, one part . 1 

Starch, one part 1 

Glycerin, nine parts ........ 9 

Rub the Starch and Glycerin together in a mortar until they are intimately 
mixed. Then transfer the mixture to a porcelain capsule, and apply a heat, 
gradually raised to 140° C. (=284° F.) and not exceeding 144° C. (=291° F.), 
constantly stirring, until the starch granules are completely dissolved, and a 
translucent jelly is formed. Then allow it to cool to 65° C. (=149° F.), add 
the tar, and incorporate it thoroughly. 

f This is Mr. Lloyd's improved formula (see New Remedies, 1879, p. 200). 

Glyceritum Sodii Boratis. Glycerite of Borate of Sodium. 

Take of Borate of Sodium, one part 1 

Glycerin, five parts . 5 

Rub them together in a mortar until the Borate of Sodium is dissolved. 

f The present strength is 1 of acid in 4.75 parts. 



66 

* Glyceritum Vitelli. Glycerite of Yolk of Egg. Olyconin. 

Take of Fresh Yolk of Egg, four parts 4 

Glycerin, five parts 5 

Beat or whip the Yolk of Egg in the usual manner, pour the liquid into a 
bottle, add the Glycerin, and shake them well to ether. 

1 There can be no question about the utility of this preparation for making emul- 
sions of cod-liver oil It should be introduced. 

Glycyrrhiza. Liquorice. Liquorice Root. 

IT As remarked under "Extr. Glyc," consistence in nomenclature requires that 
"Liquorice" should, at least in the Pharmacopoeia, denote liquorice root. The pre- 
vious editions of the U. S. Dispensatory, and other books, usually felt compelled to 
add the words "extract" or "root" in brackets, in order to prevent confusion. If 
it is thought that the confusion might still partially continue, it would be advisable to 
call the above "Liquorice Root," and the extract "Extract of Liquorice." 

* Glycyrrhizinum (?). — Gossypii Radicis Cortex. — Gossypium. — GranatiFruc- 

tus Cortex. — Granati Radicis Cortex. 

* Grind,elia. Grindelia. 

1 It is left an open question whether both Grindelia robusta Nutt., and Grindelia 
squarrosa Dunal, or only one, or neither, should be introduced in the U. S. Ph. If 
only one is introduced, the above title would be sufficient ; if more than one, the 
species name would have to be added. 

Guaiaci Lignum. — Guaiaci Resina. — * Guarana. — Guttapercha. — Haematoxy- 
lon. — Hamameiis. — Hedeoma(d). — Helianthemum. — Helleborus. — Hepat- 
ica (d).— Heuchera. — *Hirudo. — Hordeum. — Humulus. — Hydrargyri Chlo- 
ridum Corrosivum. — Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite. — Hydrargyri Cyanidum. 
— Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum. 

Hydrargyri Iodidum Viride. Green Iodide of Mercury. 

Take of Mercury, eight parts 8 

Iodine, five parts - . 5 

Alcohol ("Strong. Ale"), a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Into a cold mortar pour Alcohol, three parts 3 

then add the Mercury and Iodine, and triturate the mixture until the ingredi- 
ents are thoroughly incorporated, etc. 

1 The remainder of the formula may be left as it is now. The change in manipu- 
lation has been suggested by Mr. J. U. Lloyd (see New Rem., 1879, 199), in order to 
prevent the trituration of the mercury and iodine before the alcohol is added. The 
Germ. Pharm. Rep. adds: The compound may be washed, without hesitation, with 
alcohol at 50-60° C. (=122-140° F.). The residue may be dried without injury, at tem- 
peratures up to 200° C. (=392° F.). Warm alcohol may also be used to detect any red 
iodide present. 



67 

Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum. Yelloiv Oxide of Mercury. 

Take of Corrosive Chloride of Mercury, four parts . . . . 4 
Solution of Potassa, twenty-five parts . . . . .25 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Dissolve the Corrosive Chloride of Mercury in 

Distilled Water, seventy-five parts 75 

and pour it, under constant stirring, into the Solution of Potassa, pre- 
viously mixed with Distilled Water, fifty parts 50 

After the precipitate has subsided, pour off the supernatant liquid, and 
wash with distilled water until the washings cease to be affected by a solu- 
tion of nitrate of silver. Then dry the precipitate on bibulous paper, in 
a dark place, and preserve it in bottles protected from the light. 

1 The process is somewhat improved, first by increasing the amount of solution 
of potassa, and. then by directing the mercury solution to be poured into the latter, in 
order, to prevent the formation of oxy chloride. 

Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum. — Hydrargyri Sulphas Flava. — Hydrargyri Sul- 
phuretum (better -idum) Rubrum. — Hydrargyrum. 

Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum. Ammoniated Mercury. WJiite Precipitate. 

Take of Corrosive Chloride of Mercury, ten parts . . . .10 
Water of Ammonia, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Dissolve the Corrosive Chloride of Mercury in warm 

Distilled Water, two hundred parts 200 

allow the solution to cool and filter. Then pour it gradually, and under 
constant stirring, into Water of Ammonia, fifteen parts . . . .15 
taking care that the ammonia shall remain in slight excess. Transfer 
the precipitate to a filter, allow the liquid to drain from it as much as 
possible, then wash it twice with Distilled Water, twenty parts . . 20 

previously mixed with Water of Ammonia, one part .... 1 

and finally dry it in a moderately warm place, protected from the light. 

K The present U. S. Ph. process is faulty in directing the ammonia to be poured into 
the solution of chloride of mercury ; and in continuing the washing with water until 
the latter is nearly tasteless. Long washing alters the constitution of the precipitate; 
deficient washing leaves a small amount of chloride of ammonium in the salt, which 
can do no harm, and does not interfere with its action. The process given is that of 
Hager. 

Hydrargyrum cum Creta. Mercury with Chalk. 

Take of Mercury, three parts 3 

Sugar of Milk, one part 1 

Prepared Chalk, four parts 4 

Ether, a sufficient quantity . . . . . . q. s. 

Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 



68 

Mix the Mercury, Sugar of Milk, and about one-fourth of the Chalk in a 
mortar of a shape suitable for trituration; moisten the mass with a mixture of 
equal parts of Ether and Alcohol, and triturate it briskly. Gradually add the 
i emainder of the Chalk, dampen the whole occasionally with the mixture of 
Ether and Alcohol, and continue the trituration, until globules of mercury 
are no longer visible under a magnifying power of 10 [?] diameters, and the 
powder is of a uniform gray color, and dry. 

\ Wi . "Dibby suggested the use of sugar of milk; the method of dampening occa- 
sionally v; Itli ether and alcohol is thought to be an additional improvement. The pro- 
cess of " sueeussion " is unsuited to working on a small scale. 

Hydrastis. — Hyoscyami Folia. — Hyoscyami Semen. — *Hyoscyamia (cryst.). 
Ichthyocolla. — Ignatia. — * Illicium. 

Infusa. Infusions. 

Infusions, the strength of which is not specified by the physician, nor 
directed by the Pharmacopoeia, are to be prepared by the following formula: 

Take of The Substance, in a moderately coarse condition, one part . 1 

Put it into a suitable vessel, provided with cover, pour upon it 

Boiling Water, ten parts 10 

cover the vessel tightly, and let it stand two hours to cool. Then strain, 
and pass enough cold Water through the strainer to obtain ten parts . .10 

Caution.— The strength of infusions of energetic or powerful substances 
should be specially prescribed by the physician. 

1 Of the infusions, which are at present officinal, the following have been omitted, 
as being better made by the general rule: Infus. Buchu, Cascarillae, Eupatorii, Juni- 
peri, Taraxaci. 

Instead of two processes for Cinchona, one general formula was introduced. 

The following are newly introduced : Infus. Brayerae, Sennae Comp., Spigeliee 
Comp. 

The proportions of the ingredients in the formulae of the infusions at present 
officinal have been preserved, unless the contrary is stated. 

Infusum Angusturae. Infusion of Angustura. 

Take of Angustura, in moderately coarse powder, one part . . 1 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Moisten the powder with a sufficient quantity of Water, pack it 
firmly in a conical percolator, and gradually pour Water upon it, until 
the percolate weighs thirty parts . . .30 

Or : Pour upon 

Angustura, in moderately coarse powder, one part . . 1 
Boiling Water, thirty parts 30 

Macerate for 2 hours, strain, and pass enough cold Water through 
the strainer to obtain thirty parts 30 



69 

Infusum Anthemidis. Infusion of Chamomile. 

Take of Chamomile, one part 1 

Boiling Water, thirty parts 30 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Pour the Boiling Water on the Chamomile, macerate for 10 minutes 
in a covered vessel, strain, and pass enough cold water through the 
strainer to obtain thirty parts .30 

* Infusum Brayerae. Infusion of Kousso. 

Take of Kousso, in coarse powder, one part '. . . . 1 

Boiling Water, fifteen parts 15 

Macerate for 15 minutes in a covered vessel. Dispense without straining. 

If This should be introduced on account of the necessity of directing not to strain. 

Infusum Calumbae. Infusion of Colombo. 

Take of Colombo, in moderately coarse powder, one part . . 1 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Moisten the powder with a sufficient quantity of Water, pack it firmly 
in a conical percolator, and gradually pour Water upon it until the per- 
colate weighs thirty parts ......... 30 

H The proportions are as at present. The other directions of the present U. S. Ph., 
namely to heat the percolate to boiling, and to strain when cold, as well as the alter- 
native process, namely to pour boiling water on the Colombo, should not be adopted, 
as they result in unsightly or inferior preparations. 

Infusum Capsici. Infusion of Capsicum. 

Take of Capsicum, in coarse powder, one part 1 

Boiling Water, thirty parts 30 

Water, a sufficient quantity . . q. s. 

Pour the Boiling Water on the Capsicum, macerate for two hours 
in a covered vessel, strain, and pass enough cold Water through the 
strainer to obtain thirty parts 30 

Infusum Caryophylli (d). Infusion of Cloves. 

Take of Cloves, bruised, one part 1 

Boiling Water, fifty parts , 50 

Macerate for two hours, in covered vessel, and strain. 

If The present strength is 1 in 60. This had better be made 1 in 50, as above. 
Since the cloves retain but a small quantity of the Water, it will not be worth while 
to wash the residue, so as to obtain exactly 50 parts. 



70 

Infusum Catechu Compositum. Compound Infusion of Catechu. 

Take of Catechu, in coarse powder, three parts .... 3 
Cinnamon, in coarse powder, one part .... 1 

Boiling Water, one hundred parts 100 

Macerate for an hour, in a covered vessel, and strain. 

If The residue is so small that it will not be worth while 'to wash with water to get 
exactly 100 parts. 

* Infusum Cinchonae. Infusion of Cinchona. 

Take of Cinchona, in moderately fine powder, six parts ... 6 

Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, one part 1 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the Acid with Water, fifty parts 50 

Moisten the powder with one-half its weight of the mixture, and, having 
packed it firmly in a conical glass percolator, gradually pour upon it 
the remainder of the mixture, and afterwards Water, until the percolate 
weighs one hundred parts 100 

N. B. — When Infusion of Cinchona is ordered, use that variety of Cin- 
chona which may be directed by the physician. When no variety is specified, 
use Yellow Cinchona. 

1 The remarks at the end not only save several formulae, for the different kinds of 
bark, but give instructions which have been much needed, as physicians often merely 
write "Infusum Cinchonae," and this order is differently interpreted by different dis- 
pensers. 

As to the proportions, the present formula requires: 

Approximation. 

Bark 11 83 6 

Arom. Sulp. Acid . . . 1 fl. 3 about 1 3 1 

Water, q. s 16 fl. I about 121 3 100 

Infusum Digitalis. Infusion of Digitalis. 

Take of Digitalis, in coarse powder, one part 1 

Cinnamon, in coarse powder, one part .... 1 

Boiling Water, sixty-four parts . . . . . .64 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Upon the Digitalis and Cinnamon, contained in a suitable vessel, 
pour the Boiling Water, and macerate for two hours; then strain, and, if 
necessary, pass enough Water through the strainer to obtain sixty-four 
parts 64 

If The formula of the present U. S. Ph. requires 1 3 of Digitalis to be infused with 
8 fl. I of Boiling Water, and after straining, 1 fl. I of Tr. Cinnamon to be added. 

The amount of liquid obtained, when cold, by straining and expressing, was found 
by a number of experiments to be on an average 7 fl. 1 and 320 minims, or 227 CC. On 
adding the Tincture of Cinnamon, this is increased to 8 fl. 1 and 320 minims. The 



71 

weight of this is only a trifle over 8 troy ounces. Hence the above proportions are 
almost identical with the present formula. 

The substitution of Cinnamon for the Tinct. of Cinnamon will be found an im- 
provement of the process. 

Infusum Gentianae Compositum. Compound Infusion of Gentian. 

Take of Gentian, in moderately coarse powder, three parts . . 3 
Bitter Orange Peel, in mod. coarse powder, one part . 1 

Coriander, in moderately coarse powder, one part . . 1 
Alcohol (" Stronger Ale"), twelve parts .... 12 

"Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the Alcohol with Water, one hundred parts .... 100 
and, having moistened the mixed powders with three parts of the men- 
struum, pack them firmly in a conical percolator, and gradually pour 
upon them the remainder of the menstruum, and afterwards, if necessary, 
Water, until the percolate weighs one hundred parts .... 100 

The present formula is: 

Gentian 

Orange P. . 

Coriander 

Alcohol 

Water . 

Total Product . . 16 fl. § about 128 3 

As will be seen from the approximations, the new formula is nearly the same, so 
far as the Gentian is concerned ; the aromatics are a trifle higher, as no fractions of a 
part could be used. But the product is as near the former preparation as practicable. 

Infusum Humuli. Infusion of Hops. 

Take of Hops, one part 1 

Boiling Water, thirty parts 30 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Pour the Boiling Water on the Hops, macerate for two hours in a 
covered vessel, strain, and pass enough cold Water through the strainer 
to obtain thirty parts 30 

Infusum Krameriae. Infusion of Rhatany. 

Take of Rhatany, in moderately coarse powder, two parts . . 2 
Water, a sufficient quantity . ; . . . . q. s. 

Moisten the powder with half its weight of Water, and, having 
packed it firmly in a conical glass percolator, gradually pour Water upon 
it, until the percolate weighs thirty parts 30 

f Proportions are nearly the same as at present. 





In 


Weight. 


4 3 




4 3 


1 3 




1 3 


1 3 




1 3 


2fl. 5 




12^3 


14A.5 




106 3 



^.pprox: 
4 


mations. 
3 


1 


1 


1 
12 
100 


1 
J 12 

lioo 


128 


100 



72 
Infusum Lini Compositum. Compound Infusion of Flaxseed. 

Take of Flaxseed, two parts 2 

Liquorice Root, bruised, one part ..... 1 

Boiling Water, thirty parts 30 

Macerate for two hours, in a covered vessel, and strain. 

Infusum Picis Liquidae. Infusion of Tar. 

Take of Tar, one part 1 

Cold Water, two parts 2 

Boiling Water, ten parts 10 

Upon the tar, contained in a suitable vessel, pour the cold Water, and stir 
the mixture frequently during 24 hours. Then pour off the water, and throw 
it away. Add the Boiling Water, and stir well for about fifteen minutes. 
Then set it aside for 36 hours, stir occasionally, and finally, when the sedi- 
ment has subsided, pour off the clear liquid, and filter. 

1 The present process of the U. S. Ph. does not yield a satisfactory infusion. 
The first treatment with cold water generally abstracts acids and other undesirable 
substances, and hence should precede the real infusion. The above formula has been 
in use in Europe for a long time. 

Infusum Pruni Virginianae. Infusion of Wild Cherry. 

Take of Wild Cherry, in moderately fine powder, one part . . 1 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Moisten the powder with one and one-half times its weight of water, 
and let it stand for one hour ; then pack it firmly in a conical glass per- 
colator, and gradually pour Water upon it until the percolate weighs 
thirty parts 30 

Infusum Quassias. Infusion of Quassia. 

Take of Quassia, rasped, one part 1 

Water, fifty parts ........ 50 

Macerate for 12 hours in a covered vessel, and strain. 

1 The present strength is 1 in 64. There is so little loss of liquid that it will not be 
worth while to make up the bulk to 50 parts. 

Infusum Rhei. Infusion of Rhubarb. 

Take of Rhubarb, bruised, one part 1 

Boiling Water, thirty parts 30 

Digest for an hour in a covered vessel and strain. 



73 

Infusum Rosae Compositum. Compound Infusion of Rose. 

Take of Eed Rose, two parts 2 

Diluted Sulphuric Acid, one part 1 

Sugar, in coarse powder, four parts ... . . 4 

Boiling "Water, one hundred parts 100 

Pour the Boiling Water upon the Rose, in a glass or porcelain vessel 
provided with a cover, add the Acid, and macerate for half an hour; 
then dissolve the Sugar in the liquid, and strain. Pass enough Water 
through the strainer to obtain one hundred parts . . . . 100 

1T Present formula: 

In weight. Approximations. 

Red Rose. ... 43 4 3 IK 2] 

Dil. Sulph. Acid . . 3 fl. 3 about 3 3 1 1 

Sugar .... 123 123 4 4 

Boil. Water . . . 40 fl. I about 300 3 100 100 

Infusum Sal viae. Infusion of Sage. 

Take of Sage, one part 1 

Boiling Water, thirty parts 30 

Macerate for half an hour, in a covered vessel, and strain. 

Infusum Sennae. Infusion of Senna. 

Take of Senna, eight parts .•...*... 8 

Coriander, bruised, one part 1 

Boiling Water, one hundred parts . 100 

Macerate, in a covered vessel, for half an hour, and strain. 

1 The present proportion is 8 in about 120. This has been altered to 8 in 100. The 
time of maceration has been shortened to half an hour. 

* Infusum Sennae Compositum. 

Compound Infusion of Senna. Black Draught. 

Take of Senna, three parts 3 

Manna, six parts 6 

Sulphate of Magnesium, six parts 6 

Fennel, bruised, one part • . . 1 

Boiling Water, fifty parts 50 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Upon the solid ingredients, contained in a suitable vessel, pour the 
Boiling Water, cover well, and allow to stand until cool. Then strain, 
and add enough Water through the strainer to obtain fifty parts . . 50 

1 Probably the most common formula followed in the Eastern States for making the 
so-called "Black Draught" is the following: 



74 

Approximations. 

Senna ... 43 4 1 3 3 

Manna ... 83 8 2 6 6 

Sulph. Magnes. ..83 8 2 6 6 

Fennel ... 13 1 X % 1 

Boiling Water, 8 fl. I , about 64 3 64 16 48 50 

It will be seen that the change of proportions is insignificant. 

Infusum Serpentariae. Infusion of Serpentaria. 

Take of Serpentaria, in moderately coarse powder, one part . . 1 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Moisten the powder with one-fourth of its weight of Water, pack it 
firmly in a conical percolator, and gradually pour Water upon it, until 
the percolate weighs thirty parts 30 

Or : Take of 

Serpentaria, in moderately coarse powder, one part . . 1 

Boiling Water, thirty parts 30 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Pour the Boiling Water on the Serpentaria, macerate for two hours 
in a covered vessel, strain, and pass enough Water through the strainer 
to obtain thirty parts 30 

Infusum Spigeliae. Infusion of Spigelia. 

Take of Spigelia, in moderately coarse powder, one part . . 1 
Boiling Water, thirty parts 30 

Macerate for two hours, in a covered vessel, and strain. 

1 Proportions as at present. The loss of liquid is very trifling, and need not be 
made up. 

* Infusum Spigeliae Compositum. Compound Infusion of Spigelia. 

Take of Spigelia, in moderately coarse powder, three parts . . 3 

Senna, two parts 2 

Fennel, bruised, two parts 2 

Manna, six parts 6 

Boiling Water, one hundred parts 100 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Upon the solid ingredients, contained in a suitable vessel, pour the 
Boiling Water, cover well and macerate for two hours. Then strain and 
add enough cold Water through the strainer to obtain one hundred parts 100 

N. B. There is a popular preparation known under the name of " Worm -Mixture " 
or " Worm-Tea," which is usually made as follows : 



75 

Spigelia ... 431 This becomes 413 3 

Senna . . . . 2 3 j in parts 2 % 1)4 2 

Fennel ... 23!- by weight, 2 % IX 2 

Manna .... 8 3 | and 82 6 6 

Boil. Water . . 16 fl. I J rounded off : 128 32 96 100 

Infusum Tabaci. Infusion of Tobacco. 

Take of Tobacco, four parts 4 

Boiling Water, five hundred parts 500 

Macerate for two hours, in a covered vessel, and strain. 

IT Proportions nearly the same as at present. 

Infusum Valerianae. Infusion of Valerian. 

Take of Valerian, in moderately coarse powder, one part . . 1 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Moisten the powder with half its weight of Water, pack it firmly in 
a conical percolator, and gradually pour Water upon it, until the perco- 
late weighs thirty parts 30 

Or : Take of 

Valerian, in moderately coarse powder, one part . . 1 

Boiling Water, thirty parts 30 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Upon the Valerian, in a suitable vessel, pour the Boiling Water, cover 
well and macerate for two hours. Then strain and pass enough cold 
Water through the strainer to obtain thirty parts 30 

Infusum Zingiberis. Infusion of Ginger. 

Take of Ginger, bruised, one part 1 

Boiling Water, thirty parts 30* 

Macerate for two hours, in a covered vessel, and strain. 

* Inhalatio[nes]. Inhalation[s]. 

T The California College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Society recommend to 
introduce a few standard formulae of solutions commonly used by inhalation. 

Inula. 

Iodinium. Iodine. 

If The Germ. Pharm. Rep. [adds: Iodine may be contaminated with cyanide of 
iodine, which is formed from the protein substances of the algae. Water easily dis- 
solves the cyanide of iodine. On adding to water, which has been agitated with a 
sample of iodine, some sulphuretted hydrogen water, then a dilute solution of ferrous 
sulphate, together with a trace of ferric chloride and caustic soda, and finally super- 
saturating with hydrochloric acid, after a short time Prussian blue is deposited, if 
cyanide of iodine was present. 



76 
Iodoformum. Iodoform. 

IT The Germ. Pharm. Rep. adds: It is but very slightly volatile with vapors of 
water. It is insoluble in water, easily soluble in chloroform, in 80 parts of cold, and 
about 10 parts of boiling alcohol, and in 20 parts of cold ether. Distilled water shaken 
with it is to be tested for iodide of potassium, hydrochloric and sulphuric acids. 

Ipecacuanha. Ipecacuanha. 

1 Fliickiger in Pharmacographia [2], 370, Note 1, says: I am informed by my friend 
Professor Miiller, of Geneva, that, in describing the Rubiaceae for the Flora Brasili- 
ensis, he will include Cephaelis Ipecacuanha in the genus Mapouria. 

Iris Florentina.— Iris Versicolor.— Jalapa. 

* Jasminum. Jasmine. 

T The flowers of Jasminum Sambac Vahl, J. officinale L., J. grandiflorum, L., and 
other species of Jasminum, natives of the East Indies, and cultivated chiefly in 
Southern France.— As source of Adeps Jasmini. 

Juglans. — Juniperus. — Juniperus Virginiana. — * Kalmia. 

If The introduction of the latter is advocated by the Committee of the California 
Pharm. Society and College of Pharmacy. 

* Kamala. Kamala. 

1 It is proposed to use this term, which is universally understood, instead of 
Eottlera. The latter term was chosen from the former botanical name of the tree 
which produces it, viz., Eottlera tinctoria Roxb. ; but modern authorities have altered 
the nomenclature, in consequence of a better study of the nat. fam. Euphorbiaceae. 
and now place the tree under the genus Mallotus, as Mallotus philippinensis Mueller 
Arg. 

Kino. — Krameria. — * Lactosum (Lactose). 

T Suggested as an eventual title of powders, which are made by triturating active 
remedies with sugar of milk. See Elaterinum. 

Lactucarium. — Lappa. — Lavandula. — Leptandra. — Limonis Cortex. — Limo- 
nis Succus.— Lini Farina. 

Linimentum Aconiti. Aconite Liniment. 

Take of Aconite Root, in fine powder, one hundred parts . . 100 

Tartaric Acid, one part 1 

Alcohol (" Stronger Ale"), a sufficient quantity . . q. s. 

Moisten the powder with Alcohol, fifty parts 50 

in which the Tartaric Acid had previously been dissolved, and macerate 
it for 24 hours. Then pack it firmly in a conical percolator, and gradu- 
ally pour Alcohol upon it, until there have passed ninety parts . . 90 
Set this aside, and continue the percolation with Alcohol, until 
one hundred parts more 100 



77 

of percolate have been obtained. Evaporate this at a temperature not 

exceeding 49° C. (=120° F.) to ten parts 10 

and mix it with the reserved portion . 

% This preparation is really a Fluid Extract, but as it was not intended to be used 
internally, it was placed under the Liniments. The use of glycerin, as in the present 
U. S. Ph., is unnecessary; hence it was omitted. C. R. Alder Wright (Journ. Chan. 
Soc, Feb., 1877, 143, and later) has shown that aconite is best deprived of its alkaloids 
by alcohol in presence of tartaric acid, 1 part of the latter for each 100 parts of the root. 
Accordingly, the U. S. Ph. process was modified accordingly. He has also shown that 
all excess of heat must be avoided. It is, therefore, unadvisable to distil off the alcohol 
from the percolate, as the U. S. Ph. directs. The 90 parts first reserved, according to 
the new formula proposed, contain practically the whole of the active constituents, 
and it may perhaps not even be necessary to collect as much as 100 parts more of 
percolate. But this second percolate should be concentrated at a low temperature. 
As heat is so injurious to aconite, the formula for Emplastrum Aconiti (see above) 
should be modified so as to do away with the distillation of the alcohol. 

It would, perhaps, be advisable to dissolve one part of camphor in the alcohol 
used as a menstruum, first, because this addition will be beneficial in all cases where 
the external use of aconite is indicated, and second, because it will give a distinctive 
flavor to the preparation, so that it could not be mistaken for Tincture of Aconite. 

Linimentum Ammonias. Liniment of Ammonia. 

Take of Water of Ammonia, one par t 1 

Cotton-Seed Oil, two parts 2 

Mix them. 

If Cotton-seed Oil is proposed as a substitute for Olive Oil, as it makes a much 
nicer preparation, both in appearance and in odor, when applied to the skin, 

Linimentum Calcis. Lime Liniment. 

Take of Lime Water, twelve parts 12 

Flaxseed Oil, eleven parts 11 

Mix them. 

1 Proportion same as at present. 

Linimentum Camphorae. Liniment of Camphor. 

Take of Camphor, one part 1 

Cotton-Seed Oil, four parts 4 

Dissolve the Camphor in the Oil. 

T Cotton-Seed Oil is a much better solvent of camphor than Olive Oil, and the 
resulting product is by far preferable to, and nicer than that obtained with Olive Oil. 
Cotton-Seed Oil (refined) deserves a place in the U. S. Ph., and can be used to great 
advantage in many preparations. 

Linimentum Cantharidis. Liniment of Cantharides. 

Take of Cantharides, in fine powder, one part 1 

Oil of Turpentine, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 



78 

Digest the Cantharides with Oil of Turpentine, six parts ... 6 
for 3 hours, in a close vessel, by means of a water-bath. Then strain and 
add enough Oil of Turpentine through the strainer to obtain six parts 6 

1 Proportions are about the same as at present. 

Linimentum Chloroformi. Liniment of Chloroform. 

Take of Commercial Chloroform, three parts 3 

Cotton-Seed Oil, four parts 4 

Mix them. 

1 Cotton-seed oil is substituted for olive oil, and commercial chloroform is directed 
to be used, instead of purified chloroform, as in the present U. S. Ph. Soap-liniment 
seems to be generally preferred to fatty oil in this preparation. 

Linimentum Plumbi Subacetatis. Liniment of Subacetate of Lead. 

Take of Olive Oil, three parts 3 

Solution of Subacetate of Lead, two parts ... 2 

Mix them. 

Linimentum Saponis. Soap Liniment. 

Take of Soap, in shavings, ten parts 10 

Camphor, five parts . 5 

Oil of Rosemary, one part 1 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Digest the Soap with Water, sixteen parts 16 

until it is dissolved; dissolve the Camphor and Oil in 

Alcohol, seventy parts 70 

Mix the two solutions, filter through paper, and wash the filter, if neces- 
sary, with a mixture of one part of Water and four parts of Alcohol 
until the filtrate weighs one hundred parts 100 

If The proportions of the old formula have been preserved as nearly as possible. 
Present formula. Approximation. Per Cent. 

Soap . . . .41 1,920 grs. 19 10 10.4 10 

Camphor . . . 2 I 960 " 10 5 5.2 5 

Oil Rosemary . Vi fl. I 207 " 2 1 1. 1 

Water . . . 6fl. I 2,734 " 27 15 15.6 16 j 

Alcohol . . . 32fl. 1 12,176 " 122 65 67.8 70) 

The Comm. of the California Coll. of Pharm. recommends to reduce the percentage 
of alcohol. Others recommend to replace 5 or 10$ of alcohol by so much water of 
ammonia. 

Linimentum Terebinthinae. Liniment of Turpentine. 

Take of Resin Cerate, two parts 2 

Oil of Turpentine, one part 1 



79 

Melt the Resin Cerate with a gentle heat, then gradually add the Oil, 
constantly stirring until they are thoroughly mixed. 

7 The proportions of the present U. S. Ph. are, by weight : Resin Cerate, 12 ; Oil 
of Turpentine, 6.531 parts. 

* Linteum (?). — Linum. 

Liquor Ammonii Acetatis. Solution of Acetate of Ammonium. 

Take of Carbonate of Ammonium, one part 1 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Acetic Acid, three parts 3 

or a sufficient quantity . q. s. 

Dissolve the Carbonate of 'Ammonium in Distilled Water twenty parts 20 
filter the solution, and pass enough Distilled Water through the filter to 

make the whole filtrate weigh twenty-one parts 21 

Add to this the Acetic Acid, or as much of it as may be necessary to com- 
pletely saturate the Carbonate of Ammonium. 

N. B. — The filtered solution of Carbonate of Ammonium, made of the 
strength above indicated, may be kept on hand, and when the Solution 
of Acetate of Ammonium is called for, it may be made by mixing 
Solution of Carbonate of Ammonium, twenty-one parts . . . .21 

Acetic Acid, three parts 3 

or, so much thereof as may be necessary to completely saturate the Car- 
bonate of Ammonium. 

1 The present U. S. Ph. has two alternate processes: one directs to saturate 
Diluted Acetic Acid with Carb. Arum. ; the other directs two solutions to be made, of 
Acetic Acid, and Carb. Amm., respectively, which are to be mixed in equal volumes. 
Further, the present U. S. Ph. directs, in the first formula, the solution to be filtered, 
after the acid is saturated by the carbonate. This is wrong, as it causes most of the 
dissolved carbonic acid gas to be lost. The above formula is proposed to be substi- 
tuted for both of the present pharmacopoeia. The strength is the same. In the 
present U. S. Ph. 1 pint of the finished solution corresponds to about 320 grs. of Carb. 
Amm. ; we therefore have about the following proportion : 

Approximations. 
Carb. Ammon. ... 320 grs. 320 grs. 320 1 

Water . . . . 14 fl. 5 0,379 " 6,400 20 

Acetic Acid .... 2 fl. § 950 " 960 3 

The first process of the present pharm., if rendered into parts by weight, would 
be as follows : 

Take of Diluted Acetic Acid, one thousand parts 1000 

Carbonate of Ammonium, forty-three parts 43 

or a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Reduce the Carbonate of Ammonium to powder, and gradually add it to the 
acid until the latter is neutralized. 

This preparation, when dispensed, should be freshly made. 



80 

Liquor Arsenici Chloridi. Solution of Chloride of Arsenic. 

Take of Arsenious Acid, in small pieces, one part .... 1 

Hydrochloric Acid, two parts . . . ... 2 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Boil the Arsenious Acid with the Hydrochloric Acid and with 

Distilled Water, twenty-five parts 25 

until the Arsenious Acid is entirely dissolved ; filter, wash the filter with 
a little Distilled Water, and add enough Distilled Water to the filtrate to 
make it weigh one hundred parts 100 

1 The present strength is : 







Approximation. 


Arsenious Acid 


64 grs. 


64 1 


Hydrochloric Acid . 


2fl. 3 • 


133 2 


Final product 


lpint 


7,400 115 
about 



This proportion has been raised to 1 of Arsenious Acid in 100, and the same pro- 
portion has been adopted in all liquid Arsenic preparations. 

Liquor Arsenici et Hydrargyri Iodidi. 

Solution of Iodide of Arsenic and Mercury. Donovan's Solution. 

Take of Iodide of Arsenic, one part 1 

Red Iodide of Mercury, one part 1 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Rub the Iodides with Water, ten parts 10 

and when they are dissolved, filter; wash the filter with a little Distilled 
Water, and add enough Distilled Water to the. filtrate to make it weigh 
one hundred parts 100 

T Present Formula : 

Approximation. 
Iod. Mercury .... 35 grs. 35 1 

Iod. Arsenic .... 35 grs. 35 1 

Final Product . . . . 8fl. I 3,645 105 

This has-been changed to 1 in 100. See the preceding. 

Liquor Barii Chloridi. Solution of Chloride of Barium. 

Take of Chloride of Barium, one part 1 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Dissolve the Chloride of Barium in Distilled Water, three parts . 3 
filter through paper, and wash the filter, if necessary, with a little Dis- 
tilled Water until the product weighs three parts 3 

T The present strength (30 of BaCl 2 in 57 parts) is practically the same. 



81 

Liquor Calcii Chloridi. Solution of Chloride of Calcium. 

Take of Marble, in small pieces, three parts 3 

Hydrochloric Acid, six parts 6 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix^the Acid with Distilled Water, four parts 4 

and gradually add the Marble. Towards the close of the effervescence 
apply a gentlepieat, and when the action has ceased, pour off the clear 
liquid, and evaporate it at a temperature not exceeding 150° C. (=302° 
F.) to'dryness. Dissolve the residue in one and one-half times its weight 
of Distilled Water and filter through paper. 

Or : Take of 

Chloride of Calcium, fused, three parts .... 3 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Dissolve the salt in Distilled Water, seven parts 7 

filter through paper, and wash the filter with enough Distilled Water to 
make the nitrate weigh ten parts 10 

1 The second process is much more convenient than the first. 

Liquor Calcis. Solution of Lime. Lime Water. 

Take of Lime, one part 1 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Distilled Water, sixty parts 60 

Slake the Lime by the gradual addition of hot Water, one part . 1 

Then add to it cold Water, thirty parts 30 

and stir occasionally during half an hour. Allow it to stand at rest for one 
hour, decant the liquid and throw it away. Now add to the residue the 
Distilled Water, stir well, wait a short time for the coarser particles to 
subside, and pour the liquid, holding the undissolved Lime in suspension, 
into a glass-stoppered bottle. Pour off the clear liquid when wanted for 
use. 

Water, free from saline or other obvious impurity, though not dis- 
tilled, may be employed in this process. 

Char. — Solution of Lime becomes turbid when heated, and clear again on 
cooling. Its alkaline reaction disappears entirely when an excess of carbonic 
acid has been passed through it, and the excess has been expelled by boiling 
(absence of alkalies, and alkaline carbonates). The spec. gr. of the clear solu- 
tion is about 1.010, and it contains in solution about 0.13$ of lime. 

1 The process has been changed so as to previously deprive the lime of other 
soluble alkalies. 

The Germ. Pharm. Rep. adds: Lime-water is tested by heating it to boiling in a 
small flask closed with a cork, through which a narrow, open glass-tube is passed. On 
boiling it must become cloudy. 1 part of lime-water and 2 parts of alcohol of 0.830 
must also yield a cloudy mixture. The two tests make an alkalimetrical assay 
superfluous. 



82 

* Liquor Chloroformi Compositus. Compound Solution of Chloroform. 

Syn. Chlorodyne. 

Take of Hydrochlorate of Morphia, one part 1 

Oil of Peppermint, two parts 2 

Stronger Ether, forty parts 40 

Alcohol ("Strong. Ale"), forty-eight parts . . . 48 

Molasses, eighty parts 80 

Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid, one hundred and fourteenparts 114 

Fluid Extract of Liquorice, one hundred and fifty parts 150 

Purified Chloroform, three hundred and thirty parts . 330 

Simple Syrup, one thousand two hundred thirty-five parts 1235 

Dissolve the Morphia salt and the Oil of Peppermint in the Alcohol, and 
add the Ether and Chloroform. Mix the Fluid Extract of Liquorice with the 
Molasses and Simple Syrup. Then gradually mix the latter solution with the 
former, and add the Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid. 

1 Whatever may be said about the apparently unscientific character of the above 
or similar formulae, there appears to be a necessity of adopting a standard formula, 
as the preparation is much used, even in regular practice, and the various published 
f ormulse differ much in the proportions of the powerful ingredients. The above is 
constructed after that of Squire, with substitution of the Fluid Extract of Liquorice 
for the powdered Extract. The formula might be much simplified. In its present 
shape it does not seem to deserve recognition. 



Squire's Formula. 






Approx 


imation 


Chloroform 


4 fl. 1 


2,698 grs. 


337 


330 


Ether 


. 1 fl.3 


332 " 


41 


40 


Alcohol . 


1 fl.5 


372 " 


47 


48 


Molasses 


1 fl.l 


638 " 


79 


80 


Powd. Ext. Liq. 


2M I 


1.200 " 


150 


150 


Morphia Mur. 


8 gr. 


8 " 


1 


1 


Oil Peppermint 


16 TTl. 


16 " 


2 


2 


Dil. Hydrocy. Ac. . 


2 fl. 1 


912 " 


114 


114 


Syrup . 


. 17# fl. ! 


10,500 " 


1,312 


1,235 



16,676 grs. 2,083 2,000 

Solution of Acetate of Iron. 

li This is recommended by some to be introduced into the U. S. Ph., chiefly for 
preparing the Tinctura Ferri Acetatis ^Jtherea. The process of the Germ. Pharm. 
may be adopted without alteration. 



* Liquor Ferri Acetatis. 



Liquor Ferri Chloridi (a). Solution of Cliloride of Iron. 

Take of Iron, in the form of fine wire, and cut into small pieces, 

fifteen parts 15 

Hydrochloric Acid, eighty-six parts 86 

Nitric Acid, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Put the Iron into a flask capable of holding double the volume of the 
intended product, pour upon it Hydrochloric Acid, fifty-four parts . 54 



83 

and let the mixture stand until effervescence ceases; then heat it to the 
boiling point, filter through paper, and having rinsed the flask and Iron 
wire with a little boiling Distilled Water, pass the washings through the 
filter. Add to the filtered liquid 

Hydrochloric Acid, thirty-two parts 32 

and pour the mixture, slowly and gradually, in a fine stream, into 

Nitric Acid, eight parts 8 

contained in a capacious porcelain vessel. After effervescence ceases, 
apply heat, by means of a sand-bath, until the liquid is free from nitrous 
odor, and ceases to yield a blue precipitate or color with ferricyanide of 
potassium. Should this reagent produce a blue color, a little more Nitric 
Acid must be added, and the excess evaporated off. Then allow the 
liquid to cool, and add enough Distilled Water to make the whole weigh 
one hundred parts 100 

Char. — A reddish-brown liquid, having an acid and strongly styptic taste, 
and the specific gravity. . . . When diluted with five parts of Water, it 
forms no precipitate or cloudiness, within ten minutes, with (a 10#) solution of 
chloride of barium (absence of sulphuric acid), and no blue precipitate or color 
with solution of ferricyanide of potassium (absence of ferrous salt). On add- 
ing a crystal of sulphate of iron to a sample of the solution, and afterwards a 
small quantity of strong pure sulphuric acid, no black color should develop 
near the crystal (absence of nitric acid). 

One hundred parts of the solution, diluted with water, and treated with 
ammonia in excess, yield a precipitate of ferric oxide, which, when washed, 
dried, and ignited, weighs ... grains. 

1! The proportions of the present U. S. Ph., calculated into parts by weight, are: 

Approximations. 

Iron Wire 

Hydrochlor. Acid I. 
II. 

Nitric Acid 

Water 

Final Product . . 16 fl. J 9,879 " 98.79 100 

By closely following the new formula proposed above, the product, if wanted 
identical in spec. grav. with the preparation of the present U. S. Ph., would have to 
weigh 102.9 parts. Instead of this figure, 100 parts were substituted; hence the spec, 
grav. will vary a little, but not materially, from the present one. Mr. Shuttle worth's 
improvement, of pouring the iron solution into the nitric acid, has been incorporated. 

The following formula is furnished by Mr. B. F. Mclntyre of New York: 

Liquor Ferri Chloridi (b). Solution of Chloride of Iron. 

Take of Iron, in the form of fine wire and cut into small pieces, 

thirty-six parts 36 

Hydrochloric Acid, two hundred and ten parts . . 210 

Nitric Acid, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Introduce the Iron into a flask capable of holding 364 parts, pour 
upon it Hydrochloric Acid, one hundred and thirty-two par ts . . , 132 



3 5 


1,440 gr. 


14.4 


15 


11 I 


5,280 " 


52.8 


54 


w I 


3,120 " 


31.2 


32 


Wz I 


720 " 


7.2 


8 



84 

and let the mixture stand until effervescence ceases. Then heat it to the 
boiling point, strain it through coarse muslin, and having rinsed the 
flask with boiling Distilled Water, pour the washings upon the strainer. 
Pour the strained liquid into a porcelain capsule capable of holding 
about 728 parts, add to it the remainder of the 

Hydrochloric Acid, namely, seventy-eight parts . . : .78 

and, having heated the mixture to 88° C. (= 190° F.), add 

Nitric Acid, eighteen parts 18 

in small portions, pouring it down the inside surface of the capsule. 
Upon the cessation of effervescence, drop in 

Nitric Acid, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

in very small portions at a time, until it no longer occasions efferves- 
cence, and until a small sample of the liquid diluted with Distilled Water 
ceases to produce a blue precipitate or color with ferricyanide of potas- 
sium. Then allow the liquid to become cold, filter it through fine muslin, 
previously wetted with Distilled Water, and add enough Distilled Water 
to make the whole product weigh two hundred and forty-seven parts . 247 

Liquor Ferri Citratis. Solution of Citrate of Iron. 

Take of Citric Acid, in coarse powder, thirty parts ... 30 
Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, one hundred and five parts 105 

Water of Ammonia, eighty-four parts 84 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

To the Water of Ammonia, previously diluted with 

cold Water, two hundred parts 200 

add, with constant stirring, the Solution of Tersulphate of Iron, pre- 
viously diluted with cold Water, one thousand parts .... 1000 
Pour the whole on a wet muslin strainer, allow the precipitate to drain, 
then return it to the vessel, and mix it intimately with 

cold Water, twelve hundred parts 1200 

Again drain it on the strainer, and repeat the operation once more. Then 
allow the excess of water to run off. Transfer one-half of the moist precipi- 
tate to a porcelain capsule, heat it on a water-bath to 60° C. (=140° F.), add 
the Citric Acid, and stir the mixture until the precipitate is dissolved, or 
nearly so. Then add as much of the reserved precipitate as may be ne- 
cessary to fully saturate the acid, while continuing the digestion for 
several hours. Lastly, filter the liquid, and evaporate it, at a temperature 
not exceeding 60° C. (=140° F.), until it weighs one hundred parts . 100 

1 This formula is based on the following re-calculation of the present formula: 











Approximations 


Citric Acid 


5 1 , 360 


grs. 


2,760 grs. 


33 30 


Sol. Tersulph. Iron . 


. 16 fl. 5 




9,624 " 


114 105 


Wat. Ammon. . 


30 11. 5 




8,750 " 


105t 84 


Water 


q. s. 




q. s. 


q. S. 


Final Product . 


16 fl. 1 




9,041 " 


108 100 



t This amount of Water of Ammonia is excessive. 



85 

* Liquor Ferri Dialysati. {Solution of) Dialyzed Iron. 

1 The Germ. Pharm. Rep. adds: A clear, dark red-brown, odorless liquid of a 
faintly astringent taste, and a spec. gr. of 1.046. It does not redden blue litmus paper. 
Diluted with water until it is transparent, the solution must not be clouded in less 
than 2 minutes by nitrate of silver. Evaporated to dryness, it should leave 5% of 
residue. 

Liquor Ferri Nitratis. Solution of Nitrate of Iron. 

Take of Iron, in the form of fine wire, and cut into small pieces, 

five parts 5 

Nitric Acid, ten parts 10 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity .... q. s. 

Mix the Iron wire with Distilled Water, twenty-four parts . . 24 

in a wide-mouthed bottle, and add to the mixture, in small portions at a 
time, with frequent agitation, Nitric Acid, six parts .... 6 

previously mixed with Distilled Water, ten parts 10 

moderating the reaction, by setting the vessel in cold water, in order to 
prevent the occurrence of red fumes. When the effervescence has nearly 
ceased, agitate the solution with the undissolved Iron, until a portion of 
the liquid, on being filtered, exhibits a pale-green color. Then filter the 
liquid, and, having poured it into a capacious porcelain capsule, heat it to 
the temperature of 54° C. (=129° F.), and add the remainder of the 

Nitric Acid, namely, four parts 4 

When the effervescence has ceased, continue the heat until no more gas 
escapes, and then add enough Distilled Water to make the product weigh 
seventy-two parts 72 

Char. — A transparent liquid, of a pale amber color, having a spec. grav. 
between 1 .060 and 1.070. It does not afford a blue precipitate or color with f erri- 
cyanide of potassium (absence of ferrous salt). One hundred parts of it, on 
the addition of ammonia in excess, yield a reddish-brown precipitate which, 
when washed, dried, and ignited, weighs between 1.7 and 2 parts. 
1 The formula of the present U. S. Ph. directs: 











Approximations. 




Iron wire 


2% I 


1,200 grs. 


1 


2 


5 


5 


Nitric Acid 


. 5 I 


2,400 " 


2 


4 


10 


10 


Dist. Water 


18 fl. 1 


8,200 " 


7 


14 


34 


34 


Final Product 


. 36 fl. 1 


17,471 " 


14.5 


29 


72.5 


72 



Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis. Solution of Subsulphate of Iron. 

Syn. MonseVs Solution. 

Take of Sulphate of Iron, in coarse powder, eighty parts . . 80 

Sulphuric Acid, seven parts 7 

Nitric Acid, eleven par ts 11 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Mix the Acids with Distilled Water, fifty par ts 50 



in a capacious porcelain capsule, and having heated the mixture to the 
boiling point, add the Sulphate of Iron, one-fourth (twenty parts) at a 
time, stirring after each addition until effervescence ceases. Then keep 
the solution in brisk ebullition until nitrous vapors are no longer percep- 
tible, and the liquid assumes a deep ruby -red tint. Lastly, add enough 
Distilled "Water to make the whole weigh one hundred and eighteen parts 118 

Char. — An inodorous, ruby-red, syrupy liquid, of an extremely astringent 
taste, without causticity. Its specific gravity is 1.554. It mixes with water 
and alcohol in all proportions without decomposition, and yields with ammo- 
nia a bulky, reddish-brown precipitate. A few drops added to solution of 
ferricyanide of potassium impart to the latter a pure greenish-brown color, 
without a trace of blue (absence of ferrous sulphate). 

By evaporating a portion of the solution on a glass surface, with moderate 
heat, the salt may be obtained in transparent scales, which are deliquescent 
and readily soluble in water. 

1 The proportions were calculated by Mr. L. Dohmeas follows: 



Present Formula. 






A 


.pproximation. 


Sulph. Iron 


. 12 I 




5,760 grs. 


80 


Sulph. Acid . 


1 I, 


30 grs. 


510 " 


7 


Nitric Acid 


i !, 


300 grs. 


780 " 


11 (instead of 10.75) 


Water . 


8 fl. 1 




3,646 " 


50 


Final product 


12 fl. 1 




8,487 " 


118 



The spec. grav. of the preparation of the present U. S. Ph. is 1.552. 

Liquor Ferri Tersulphatis. Solution of Tersidphate of Iron. 

Take of Sulphate of Iron, in coarse powder, eighty parts . . 80 

Sulphuric Acid, fourteen parts 14 

Nitric Acid, eleven par ts 11 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Mix the Acids with Distilled Water, fifty parts 50 

in a capacious porcelain capsule, and having heated the mixture to the 
boiling point, add the Sulphate of Iron, one-fourth (twenty parts) at a 
time, stirring after each addition' until effervescence ceases. Then continue 
the heat until the solution acquires a reddish-brown color, and is free from 
nitrous odor. Lastly, add enough Distilled Water to make the whole 
weigh two hundred parts 200 

Char. — A dark reddish-brown liquid, nearly devoid of odor, and of an 
acid and extremely styptic taste. Its specific gravity is 1.317. It mixes with 
water and alcohol in all proportions without decomposition. It does not 
afford a blue precipitate or color with ferricyanide of potassium (absence of 
ferrous salt). One hundred parts of it yield, on the addition of ammonia in 
excess, a bulky reddish-brown precipitate, which is free from black discolor- 
ation, and which, after washing, drying, and igniting, weighs . . . parts. 



87 

1 The calculation below given was furnished by Mr. L. Dohme. No time was 
available to determine the actual weight of ferric oxide. The spec. gr. of the proposed 
solution is 1.317, while that of the present pharni. is 1.320. In view of the simple 
figures above given this difference is immaterial. 

Present Formula. Approximations. 

Sulph. Iron . . 12 I 5,760 grs. 56.5 113 80 

Sulph. Acid . . 2 ! , 60 grs. 1,020 " 10. 20 14 

Nitr. Acid . . . 1 5 , 360 " 840 " 8.3 17 11 

Water . . . 8fl. I 3,646 " 36. 72 50 

Final product . . 24 fl. I 14,436 " 141.5 283 200 

Liquor Guttaperchae. Solution of Guttapercha. 

Take of Guttapercha, in thin slices, eight parts .... 8 

Chloroform, eighty-two parts 82 

Carbonate of Lead, in fine powder, ten parts ... 10 

Add the Guttapercha to Chloroform, sixty parts .... 60 

contained in a bottle, and shake occasionally until it is dissolved. Then 
add the Carbonate of Lead, previously mixed with the remainder of the 
Chloroform, and having several times shaken the whole together, at 
intervals of half an hour, set the mixture aside and let it stand for ten 
days, or until the insoluble matter has subsided and the solution become 
limpid, and is either colorless or of a pale straw-color. Lastly, decant 
the liquid and preserve it in small cork-stoppered vials. 

1 The present U. S. Ph. directs purified chloroform, which is unnecessary. 

Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis. Solution of Nitrate of Mercury. 

Take of Mercury, forty parts . . • 40 

Nitric Acid, ninety-one parts . . . ... . 91 

Distilled Water, eleven parts 11 

Dissolve the Mercury, with the aid of a gentle heat, in the Acid 
previously mixed with the Distilled Water. When reddish vapors cease 
to rise evaporate the liquid until it weighs one hundred parts . . . 100 
Keep it in a glass-stoppered bottle. 
Or : Take of 

Red Oxide of Mercury, forty-four parts .... 44 

Nitric Acid, forty-nine parts ...... 49 

Distilled Water, ten parts 10 

Mix the Acid with the Water, dissolve the Oxide of Mercury in the 
mixture, and evaporate until the liquid weighs one hundred parts . . 100 
% The proportions are the same as at present. 

Liquor Iodinii Compositus. Compound Solution of Iodine. 

Syn. LugoVs Solution. 

Take of Iodine, two parts 2 

Iodide of Potassium, four parts 4 

Distilled Water, forty parts 40 



88 

Dissolve the Iodine and Iodide of Potassium in the Distilled Water. 

1 The proportions are almost the same as at present. The exact amount of water 
would be 40.5 parts, which was changed to 40. See also Tinct. Iodinii Co. 

Liquor Magnesii Citratis. Solution of Citrate of Magnesium. 

Take of Carbonate of Magnesium, five parts 5 

Citric Acid, ten parts 10 

Syrup of Citric Acid, thirty parts 30 

Bicarbonate of Potassium, one part 1 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Dissolve the Citric Acid in Water, forty-five parts .... 45 

and having added the Carbonate of Magnesium, stir until it is dissolved. 
Filter the solution into a bottle containing the Syrup of Citric Acid. 
Then add the Bicarbonate of Potassium and enough Water to make the 
whole weigh one hundred and twelve parts . . . . . . 112 

Immediately close the bottle with a cork, and secure with twine. Lastly, 
shake the mixture occasionally until the Bibarbonate is dissolved. 

The quantity to be dispensed at one time is such that it will fill a 
bottle of the capacity of three hundred and sixty cubic centimetres, or 
twelve fluid ounces, for which purpose the parts by weight of the formula 
are to be taken as follows: 

Carbonate of Magnesium 

Citric Acid 

• Syrup of Citric Acid . 
Bicarbonate of Potassium . 
Water sufficient to dissolve the Citric Acid and to fill the bottle. 

1 In order to afford a practical formula, the parts should be so interpreted as to 
furnish the usual quantity of the mixture dispensed at one time. For this reason, 
actual working quantities are added. Some pharmacists advocate the addition of 
about 2% of alcohol, to make the solution more stable. 

Liquor Morphiae Sulphatis. Solution of Sulphate of Morphia. 

Take of Sulphate of Morphia, one part 1 

Distilled Water, five hundred parts 500 

Dissolve. 

H The present formula directs 1 grain of Sulph. of Morphia in 1 fl. 5 of water, that 
is, 1 part of Sulph. of Morphia in 455.7 parts of Water. 

This proportion may either be made into 1 part of Sulphate of Morphia and 450 
parts of Water; or it may be made more simple, without doing great violence to its 
strength, by making it as above: 1 part of Sulphate of Morphia and 500 parts of 
Water. 

The stronger solution of Sulph. of Morphia {Magendie s) should not be made offi- 
cinal, since the above is known universally as "U. S. Solution of Morphia," and there 
would be danger of confusion. 



13 grammes 


or 


200 grains. 


26 




400 " 


80 




1200 " 


2.6 " 




40 " 



89 

* Liquor Pepsini. Solution of Pepsin. Liquid Pepsin. 

Take of Saccharated Pepsin, six parts 6 

Hydrochloric Acid, two parts 2 

Glycerin, forty parts • . 40 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Dissolve the Saccharated Pepsin in Water, fifty parts ... 50 

previously mixed with the Hydrochloric Acid. Filter the solution into 
a tared bottle containing the Glycerin, and wash the filter with sufficient 
Water to make the whole product weigh one hundred parts . . 100 

T This is about the strength of the solution as commonly used : 

Approximations . 
Sacchar. Pepsin . 138 gr.t 128 gr. 4 3 6 

Hydrochlor. Acid . % fl. 3 32 " 1 2 2 

Glycerin Wz fl. 5 855 " 27 41 40 

Water . . . 2^ fl. 1 1,140" 35 54 q. s. to 100 

t Some use only one-half of this quantity. 

Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis. Solution of Subacetate of Lead. 

Take of Acetate of Lead, ten parts 10 

Oxide of Lead, in fine powder, seven parts ... 7 

Boiling Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Put the Acetate and Oxide of Lead into Boiling Water, forty parts 40 
contained in a glass or porcelain vessel, and boil for half an hour, occa- 
sionally adding Boiling Water to preserve the measure; then filter 
through paper, preventing as much as possible the access of air. Wash 
the filter with enough Distilled Water, recently boiled and partly cooled, 
to make the product weigh forty parts 40 

H The present U. S. Ph. failed to direct what the bulk of the product should 
be. Although it gave the spec. grav. of the product, which really amounts to the 
same thing, it would have been better to state the bulk. The above formula has 
been amended in this respect. 

The amount of Oxide of Lead has been a trifle increased to counterbalance any 
impurities which may be present. 



Present Formula. 




Weight. 


Approximation. 






Doubled. 






Acetate Lead 


161 


32 5 


10 


10 


Oxide Lead 


9^| 


19? 


6 


7 (increased on pur 


Boil. Water . 


64fl. 5 






pose.) 


End Product (spec. gr. 1.267) 




128 5 


40 


40 



Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus. 

Diluted Solution of Subacetate of Lead. 

Take of Solution of Subacetate of Lead, one part .... 1 
Distilled Water, forty parts 40 

Mix them. 

"I Same strength as at present. 



90 

Liquor Potassae. Solution of Potassa. 

Take of Bicarbonate of Potassium, fourteen parts . . . .14 

Lime, eight parts 8 

Distilled "Water, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Dissolve the Bicarbonate of Potassium in 

Distilled Water, fifty-four parts 54 

and heat the solution until effervescence ceases. Then add Distilled Water 
to make up the loss by evaporation, and heat the solution to the boiling 
point. 

Mix the Lime with Distilled Water, fifty-four parts . . . .54 
to a smooth milk, and add it gradually, and in small portions at a time, to 
the boiling solution of the carbonate, and, when all is added, continue the 
boiling for ten minutes. Then remove the heat, cover the vessel tightly, 
and let it stand, so that the insoluble matter may subside. Remove the 
supernatant clear liquid by means of a siphon, and set it aside in a tightly- 
stoppered bottle ; transfer the remainder to a muslin strainer, and when 
the liquid portion has passed, add enough Distilled Water, through the 
strainer, so that, when the strained liquid is added to the reserved portion, 
the whole product may weigh one hundred parts 100 

Solution of Potassa may also be prepared in the following manner: 

Take of Potassa, sixty-six parts 66 

Distilled Water, one thousand parts 1000 

Dissolve the Potassa in the Distilled Water, and allow the solution to stand 
until the sediment subsides. Then pour off the clear liquid, and keep it in a 
well-stopped bottle of green glass. 

Liquor Potassii Arsenitis. 

Solution of Arsenite of Potassium. Fowler's Solution, 

Take of Arsenious Acid, in small pieces, one part .... 1 

Bicarbonate of Potassium, one-part 1 

Compound Spirit of Lavender, three parts .... 3 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Boil the Arsenious Acid and Bicarbonate of Potassium, in a glass- 
vessel, with Distilled Water, five parts . \ 5 

until the Acid is entirely dissolved ; and add 

Distilled Water, about eighty parts 80 

Then add the Compound Spirit of Lavender, and afterwards enough Dis- 
tilled Water to make the whole product weigh one hundred parts . . 100 

Present Formula. Approximation. 

Arsenious Acid . . 64 grs. 64 grs. 1 

Bicarb. Potass. . . . 64 " 64 " 1 

Comp. Spir. Lav. . X fl. I 200 " 3 

Total Product . . . 16 fl. I ab. 7,400 " 115 
This was made 1 in 100, so as to correspond with all the other liquid arsenic pre- 
parations, which are all made of the strength of 1 per cent. 



91 

Liquor Potassii Citratis. Solution of Citrate of Potassium. 

Take of Citric Acid, two parts 2 

Bicarbonate of Potassium, three parts 3 

Water, thirty parts BO 

Dissolve the Citric Acid and the Bicarbonate of Potassium, each, in 

Water, fifteen parts 15 

and strain each solution separately through muslin. Then mix them, 
and, when effervescence has ceased, transfer the liquid to a bottle. 

1 Strength same as at present. Formula is slightly improved (see Nat. Disp., 
p. 849). 

Liquor Potassii Permanganatis. Solution of Permanganate of Potassium. 

Take of Permanganate of Potassium, one part 1 

Distilled Water, ninety-nine parts 99 

Dissolve the Permanganate of Potassium in the Distilled Water. 

\ The present formula directs, expressed in weight, Permang. of Pot., 1 part; 
Dist. Water, 114 parts. The solution was altered to 1%. 

* Liquor Potassii Silicatis (?). 

Liquor Sodae. Solution of Soda. 

Take of Carbonate of Sodium, in crystals, twenty-seven parts . 27 

Lime, eight parts 8 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity '. . . . . q. s. 

Dissolve the Carbonate of Sodium in Distilled Water, fifty- three parts 53 
and heat the solution to the boiling point. Mix the Lime with Distilled 

.Water, forty-seven parts 47 

to a smooth milk, and add it gradually, and in small portions at a time, 
to the boiling solution of the carbonate, and, when all is added, continue 
the boiling for ten minutes. Then remove the heat, cover the vessel 
tightly, and let it stand, so that the insoluble matter may subside. Re- 
move the supernatant, clear liquid, by means of a siphon, and set it aside 
in a tightly-stopped bottle. Transfer the remainder to a muslin strainer, 
and when the liquid portion has passed, add enough Distilled Water, 
through the strainer, so that, when the strained liquid is added to the 
reserved portion, the whole product may weigh one hundred parts . 100 

Present Formula. 
Carbon. Sodium . 26 I 

Lime . . .85 

Water . . . 6X0 

Final Product (sp. gr. 1.071) 6 O 

The product by the new formula contains 5.76# of hydrate of sodium, instead of 
5.7% as now, and is, therefore, onlj- a trifle stronger. 





Approx. 


Per Cent. 


12,480 grs. 


125 


26.7 27 


3,840 " 


38 


8.1 8 


47,391 " 


470 


100.4 100 


46,854 " 


468 


100 100 



92 

Liquor Sodae Chlorinatae. Solution of Chlorinated Soda. 

Take of Chlorinated Lime, one part 1 

Carbonate of Sodium, two parts 2 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Dissolve the Carbonate of Sodium in Water, four parts ... 4 

with the aid of heat. Triturate the Chlorinated Lime, a little at a time, 
with small quantities of Water gradually added, sufficient to produce a 
smooth, uniform mixture. Add to' this enough Water to make the whole 

weigh twelve parts 12 

and set it aside for 24 hours. Then decant the clear liquid, and having 
transferred the residue to a muslin strainer, allow it to drain until enough 
liquid has passed to make, with the decanted liquid, ten parts ... 10 
Mix this thoroughly with the solution of Carbonate of Sodium, transfer 
the mixture to a muslin stainer and allow it to drain ; then pass enough 
Water through the strainer, if necessary, to make the whole product 

weigh fifteen parts . . 15 

Lastly, keep the liquid in glass-stoppered bottles protected from the light. 

Char. — A transparent colorless liquid, having a slight odor of chlorine, 
and a sharp saline taste. Its spec. grav. is 1.045 [? see below]. It rapidly 
decolorizes solution of indigo, and produces a copious, light-brown precipitate 
with solution of sulphate of iron. 

Present Proportions. Approximations. 

Chlorinated Lime ... 12 § 12 5 12 1 

Carb. Sodium ... 24 I 24 J 24 2 

Water 12 pints 180 l 180 15 

Final Product . . . llVz pints 182.6 1 180 15 

The slight change in proportions will cause a trifling variation in the spec. grav. 

Liquor Sodii Arseniatis. Solution of Arseniate of Sodium. 

Take of Arseniate of Sodium, rendered anhydrous by a heat not 

exceeding 149° C. (=300° F.), one part 1 

Distilled Water, ninety-nine parts 99 

Dissolve the Arseniate of Sodium in the Distilled Water. 

1 The present strength of the solution is 1 in 114 by weight. That of the British is 
1 in 110. The above strength, namely \%, has been adopted for all the liquid arsenic 
preparations. 

* Liquor Sodii Silicatis. 

Liquor Zinci Chloridi. Solution of Chloride of Zinc. 

Take of Zinc, granulated, eighteen parts 18 

Nitric Acid, one part 1 

Precipitated Carbonate of Zinc, one part .... 1 
Hydrochloric Acid, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 



93 

To the Zinc, contained in a glass or porcelain vessel, add gradually 
enough Hydrochloric Acid to dissolve it, then strain the solution, add the 
Nitric Acid, and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the dry mass in 

Water, fifteen parts 15 

add the Precipitated Carbonate of Zinc, and agitate the mixture occasion- 
ally during 24 hours, then filter through paper, adding enough Distilled 
"Water through the filter to make the product weigh seventy five parts . 75 

Present Formula. Approximations. 

Zinc . . . . 6 I 2,880 19 18 

Nitr. Acid ... 150 gr. 150 1 1 

Prec. Carb. Z. . . .150 gr. 150 1 1 

Final Product (spec. gr. 1.593) 16 fl. f 11,614 77 75 

Liriodendron (d).— * Lithii Benzoas (?).—* Lithii Bromidum.— Lithii Car- 
bonas. — Lithii Citras. — * Lithii Salicylas. — Lobelia. — Lupulina. — Lyco- 
podium. — Lycopus. — Macis (d). 

Magnesia. Magnesia. 

II It is proposed to make the lieavy variety officinal instead of the light, because 
it is equally suitable for all purposes for which the latter is used, and because it 
takes up so much less room. 

Magnesii Carbonas. Carbonate of Magnesium. 

1 The remarks made to the preceding apply also here. 

* Magnesii Hypophosphis. — * Magnesii Sulphis (?). — Magnesii Sulphas. — 
Magnolia (d).—* Maltum (Maltum Hordei, Barley Malt).— Manganesii 
Oxidum Nigrum. — Manganesii Sulphas. — Manna. — Maranta (d ; see 
under Avence Farina). — Marmor. — Marrubium. — Mastiche. — Matico. — 
Matricaria (d).— Mel. 

Mel Despumatum. Clarified Honey. 

Take of Honey, any convenient quantity q. s. 

Melt it by means of a water-bath, and remove the scum. Then strain the 
Honey through flannel, previously moistened with water. 

H The removal of the scum is best effected by the manipulation proposed by Mr. 
G. C. Close, of Brooklyn, namely, to pour carefully a shallow layer of cold water on 
top of the melted honey, which will cause all the scum to ascend to the surface of the 
water, and there form a tough skin which may be readily removed. The water can 
easily be poured off again. The operation is facilitated by melting the honey in a 
deep narrow vessel of such a capacity that the honey, when melted, will nearly fill 
it. Straining through flannel is advisable to remove foreign matters which have 
not risen to the top. 

Mel Rosae. Honey of Rose. 

Take of Red Rose, in moderately fine powder, eight parts . . 8 

Clarified Honey, ninety-two parts 92 

Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity . . . . . q. s. 



94 

Moisten the powder with Diluted Alcohol, two parts ... 2 

pack it firmly in a conical glass percolator, and gradually pour Diluted 
Alcohol upon it, until the percolate weighs three parts . . . . 3 
Set this aside, and continue the percolation until an additional 

thirty-two parts 32 

are obtained. Evaporate this, by means of a water-bath, to five parts 5 

add the reserved liquid, and mix the whole with the Clarified Honey. 

The product should weigh one hundred parts 100 

1 Nearly of the same strength as at present. 

Mel Sodii Boratis. Honey of Borate of Sodium. 

Take of Borate of Sodium, in fine powder, one part ... 1 
Clarified Honey, eight parts ...... 8 

Mix them. 

1 Same strength as at present. 

Melissa.—* Menispermum (?).—* Mentha Crispa.— Mentha Piperita.— Men- 
tha Viridis.— Mezereum. 

Misturae. Mixtures. 

1 Some recommend to adopt the form Mixtura, instead of Mistura. While it 
must be acknowledged that the former is etymologically the correcter spelling, yet 
the usage and the tradition of the best manuscripts of classical authors preponderate 
in favor of Mistura. 

Mistura Ammoniaci. Ammoniac Mixture. 

Take of Ammoniac, in tears, one part 1 

Water, thirty parts 30 

Add the Water very gradually to the Ammoniac in a mortar, rubbing 
them together until they are thoroughly mixed, and strain. 

1 Same strength as at present. 

Mistura Amygdalae. Almond Mixture. 

Take of Sweet Almond, eight parts 8 

Gum Arabic, in fine powder, one part .... 1 

Sugar, in fine powder, four par ts 4 

Distilled Water, one hundred and twenty parts . . 120 

Having blanched the Almonds, add the Gum Arabic and Sugar, and beat 
them in a mortar until they are thoroughly mixed; then rub the mixture 
with the Distilled Water, gradually added, and strain. 

1 Proportions the same as at present, except the water, which, according to the 
present formula, would amount to 122 parts. 



95 
Mistura Asafoetidae. Asafcetida Mixture. 

Take of Asafoetida, one part . . ■ 1 

Water, thirty parts 30 

Add the Water gradually to the Asafoetida, triturating constantly until 
they are thoroughly mixed. 

1 Same strength as at present. 

Mistura Chloroformi. Chloroform Mixture. 

Take of Purified Chloroform, sixteen parts 16 

Camphor, four parts . 4. 

Yolk of Egg, twenty parts 20 

Water, one hundred and eighty parts . . . . 180 

Rub the Yolk of Egg in a mortar, first by itself, then with the Camphor 
previously dissolved in the Chloroform, and lastly with the Water, gradually 
added, so as to make a uniform mixture. 

Substituting gramme for part, the yolk of one good-sized egg will repre- 
sent 20 parts or grammes. 

Substituting drachm for part, the yolks of four good-sized eggs will 
represent 20 parts or drachms. 

1 Proportions are about the same as at present. 

Present Formula. 

Chloroform . . %l 340 grs. 240 16 

Camphor . . 1 3 60 " 60 4 

Yolk of 1 Egg . . 293grs.t 293 " 300 20 

Water . . 6 fl. 5 2,734 " 2,800 180 

t The weight of the yolk of one middling-sized egg was determined by experi- 
ment. The proportions were not reduced to simpler figures, because the 20 parts 
of yolk, if taken in grammes, will just about represent the yolk of one good-sized egg. 

* Mistura Copaibae. Mixture of Copaiva. 

Take of Copaiva, ten parts 10 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether, six parts q 

Compound Spirit of Lavender, six parts .... 6 

Solution of Potassa, eight parts 3 

Syrup of Lemon, seventy parts 70 

Mix the Copaiva with the Solution of Potassa and the Spirits. Then add 
the Syrup of Lemons. 

1 A mixture of Copaiva should be made officinal. The above is an approach to 
the ordinary formulae in use and its strength is easily remembered ; it is, however, 
capable of improvement. 



96 

Mistura Cretae. Chalk Mixture. 

Take of Prepared Chalk, four par ts 4 

Glycerin, five parts 5 

Gum Arabic, in fine powder, two parts .... 2 

Cinnamon Water, three hundred parts .... 300 

Water, three hundred parts 300 

Rub the Chalk and Gum Arabic with the Water gradually added; then 
add the other ingredients, and mix the whole together. 

1 Proportions are almost identical with those of the present U. S. Ph. 

Mistura Ferri Composita. Compound Mixture of Iron. 

Take of Myrrh, in tears, six parts 6 

Sugar, in coarse powder, six parts 6 

Carbonate of Potassium, three parts 8 

Sulphate of Iron, in coarse powder, two parts . . 2 

Spirit of Lavender, eighteen parts 18 

Rose Water, three hundred and fifteen parts . . . 315 

Rub the Myrrh, Sugar, and Carbonate of Potassium with the Rose 
Water gradually added; then with the Spirit of Lavender, and lastly with 
the Sulphate of Iron. Pour the mixture immediately into a bottle, which 
must be well stopped. 

The finished product should weigh three hundred and fifty parts . 350 

1 The proportions of this formula differ but slightly from those of the present U. S. 
Ph. 

Present Formula. Approximations. 

Myrrh . . 60grs. 60 grs. 12 12 12 6 

Sugar . 60 " 60 " 12 12 12 6 

Carb. Pot. 25 " 25 " 5 5 6 3 

Sulph. Iron . 20 " 20 " 4 4 4-2 

Spirit Lavend. . M fl. I 186 " 37 37 36 18 

Rose Water . 7% fl. I 3,418 " 687 688 q. s. ad q. s. ad 

Total Product 758 parts. 700 parts. 350 

Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita. Compound Mixture of Liquorice. 

Syn. Brown Mixture. 

Take of Purified Extract of Liquorice, in fine powder, three parts 3 

Sugar, in coarse powder, three parts 3 

Gum Arabic, in fine powder, three parts .... 3 
Camphorated Tincture of Opium, twelve parts . . .12 

Wine of Antimony, six parts 6 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether, two parts 2 

Water, seventy -one parts 71 

Rub the Extract of Liquorice, Sugar, and Gum Arabic with the Water, 



97 

gradually added; then add the other ingredients, and mix the whole thoroughly- 
together. 

IT The present formula, calculated in parts by weight, contains the above ingredi- 
ents in the following proportions: 8, 8, 8, 30, 15, 6, 185; total 260. These have been 
converted into the nearest percentages. Purified Ext. of Liquorice should be substi- 
tuted for the common extract. 

Mistura Potassii Citratis. Mixture of Citrate of Potassium. 

Syn. Neutral Mixture. 

Take of Lemon Juice, fresh, and strained, a convenient quantity q. s. 
Bicarbonate of Potassium, a sufficient quantity . q. s. 

Add the Bicarbonate gradually to the Lemon Juice, until the acid is neu- 
tralized. 

T The lemon juice should be strained, and not the finished mixture (Maisch). 

* Mistura Rhei Composita. Compound Rhubarb Mixture. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Ipecac, one part 1 

Fluid Extract of Rhubarb, five parts 5 

Bicarbonate of Sodium, ten parts 10 

Glycerin, one hundred and thirty-four parts . . . 134 
Peppermint Water, two hundred and eighty-six parts . 286 

Dissolve the Bicarbonate of Sodium in the Peppermint Water; then add 
the Glycerin and Fluid Extracts, and mix the whole together. 

H This is a formula, published by Dr. E. R. Squibb, as being largely used in Brooklyn, 
New York, and also elsewhere, as a carminative and stomachic for children, in doses 
of Yi to 1 teaspoonf ul, 2-3 times a day. The original formula is : 



Fl. Ext. Ipecac 


51 ttl 


50grs. 


IUOI1. 

1 


" " Rhubarb . 


256 tn, 


250 " 


5 


Bicarb. Sodium 


. 512 gr. 


512 " 


10 


Glycerin 


12 fl. 5 


6,840 " 


134 


Peppermint Water . 


20 


14,092 " 


286 



* Mistura Sennae Composita. Compound Mixture of Senna. 

Syn. Black Draught. 

H The * Infusum Sennae Compositum might receive this title. 

Monarda (d). — Morphia. — Morphiae Acetas. — * Morphiae Hydrobromas. — 
Morphiae Hydrochloras (instead of: Murias). — Morphiae Sulphas. — 
Moschus. 

Mucilago Acaciae. Mucilage of Acacia. 

Take of Gum Arabic, in small fragments, one part .... 1 
Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . . q. s. 

7 



98 

Wash the Gum Arabic with cold Distilled Water, then add to it 

Distilled Water, tivo parts 2 

agitate it occasionally, until it is dissolved, and strain. 

If The spec. grav. of mucilage thus prepared is 1.136-1.140 (FlucMger), or 1.132-1.133 
(Hirsch), according to the Germ. Pharm. Rep. 

* Mucilago Chondri. Mucilage of Irish Moss. 

Take of Irish Moss, one part . . 1 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Wash the Irish Moss with cold Water thoroughly; then boil it with 

Water, sixty-four parts . . , . . .64 

for half an hour, strain it while hot, and boil it down, until it weighs 
forty parts 40 

This mucilage should be prepared only when wanted for use. 

If This mucilage forms, when very slightly warmed, an excellent basis for emul- 
sions of cod-liver, and other oils. 

Mucilago Sassafras Medullae (d). Mucilage of Sassafras Pith. 

Take of Sassafras Pith, one part 1 

Water, sixty parts 60 

Macerate for 3 hours and strain. 

Mucilago Tragacanthae. Mucilage of Tragacanth. 

Take of Tragacanth, one part 1 

Glycerin, three parts ......... 3 

Water, twelve parts 12 

Heat the Glycerin and Distilled Water to boiling, add the Tragacanth, and 
macerate it for 24 hours, occasionally stirring, and restoring any loss of weight 
by the addition of Distilled Water. Then beat the mixture so as to render it 
of uniform consistence, and strain forcibly through muslin. 

If The glycerin is added to prevent it from drying too hard (Maisch). 

Mucilago Ulmi. Mucilage of Slippery Elm Bark. 

Take of Slippery Elm Bark, sliced and bruised, one part . . 1 
Boiling Water, fifteen parts 15 

Macerate for 2 hours in a covered vessel, and strain. 

Mucuna (d).— Myristica.— Myrrha.— Nectandra.— Nux Vomica.— Olea (as title 
of the whole class; see after Oleoresina Zingiberis). 

* Oleata. Oleates. 

If The title Oleas, plur.. Oleates, which was first proposed, may be objected to as a 
name for this class of preparations, as they are not definite chemical salts, but solu- 
tions of the salts in an excess of oleic acid. Therefore the title Oleatum, plur. Oleata, 
appears to be more appropriate. 



99 

* Oleatum Aconitiae. Oleate of Aconitia. 

Take of Aconitia, two parts . . 2 

Purified Oleic Acid, ninety-eight parts .... 98 

Rub the Aconitia carefully with a small quantity of the Oleic Acid in a 
warm mortar to a smooth paste, then add the remainder of the Oleic Acid, set 
the mortar in a moderately warm place, and triturate occasionally until the 
Aconitia is dissolved. 

* Oleatum Hydrargyri. Oleate of Mercury. 

Take of Yellow Oxide of Mercury, ten parts 10 

Purified Oleic Acid, ninety parts 90 

Upon the Oleic Acid, contained in a mortar, gradually sprinkle the Oxide 
of Mercury, previously deprived of every trace of moisture by drying, and 
incorporate it thoroughly with the Oleic Acid. Then triturate the mixture 
frequently until the Oxide of Mercury is dissolved. 

* Oleatum Morphiae (5#).— * O. Quiniae (25$).—* O. Veratriae (2%). 

1 To be prepared like Oleatum Aconitice. 

Oleoresinae. Oleoresins. 

I Dr. E. R. Squibb authorizes us to state that Oleoresins can be equally well made 
by the use of Stronger Alcohol, instead of Ether; and that all should be made to 
represent the drug in a definite known proportion, uniform for the whole class. 

Oleoresina Capsici. Oleoresin of Capsicum. 

Take of Capsicum, in fine powder, ten parts 10 

Ether, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Put the Capsicum into a cylindrical percolator, provided with a stop- 
cock, and arranged with cover and receptacle for volatile liquids, press it 
firmly, and gradually pour Ether upon it, until the percolate, which must 
be allowed to pass slowly, weighs fifteen par ts 15 

Recover the greater part of the Ether by distillation on a water-bath, 
and expose the residue, in a capsule, until the remaining Ether has evaporated. 
Lastly pour off the liquid portion, transfer the remainder to a strainer, and 
when the fatty matter on the latter has been completely drained, mix all the 
liquid portions together, and keep them in a well-stoppered bottle. 

II Formula slightly improved after Prof. Maisch's suggestions. 

Oleoresina Cubebae. Oleoresin of Cubebs. 

Take of Cubebs, in fine powder, ten parts 10 

Ether, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Put the Cubebs . . . {follow the preceding formula, to) . . . evaporated. 
Transfer the remainder to a close vessel, and allow it to stand until it ceases to 
deposit a waxy and crystalline matter. Lastly pour off the clear liquid, and 
keep it in a well-stoppered bottle. 



100 

Oleoresina Filicis. Oleoresin of Male Fern. 

Take of Male Fern, in fine powder, ten parts . • . . . .10 
Ether, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Put the Male Fern . . . (follow the formula for Oleoresin of Capsicum, to) 
. . . evaporated. Lastly keep the Oleoresin in a well-stoppered bottle. 

Oleoresina Lupulinae. Oleoresin of Lupulin. 

Take of Lupulin, ten parts 10 

Ether, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Put the Lupulin . . . (as before) . . . evaporated. Lastly keep the Oleo- 
resin in a wide-mouthed bottle, well-stoppered. 

Oleoresina Piperis. Oleoresin of Black Pepper. 

Take of Black Pepper, in fine powder, ten parts 10 

Ether, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Put the Black Pepper . . . (as before) . ^ . evaporated, and the deposition 
of crystals of piperin has ceased. Lastly separate the Oleoresin from the 
piperin by expression through a muslin strainer, and keep it in a well-stop- 
pered bottle. 

Oleoresina Zingiberis. Oleoresin of Ginger. 

Take of Ginger, in fine powder, ten parts 10 

Ether, a sufficient quantity . . . . . . q. s. 

Put the Ginger . . . (as before) . . . evaporated. Lastly keep the Oleo- 
resin in a well-stoppered bottle. 

f There is no need of using alcohol (as in the present U. S. Ph.) to displace the 
ether, for the purpose of obtaining a certain amount of percolate. Those who make 
such preparations will, of course, displace the menstruum left in the drug, and 
recover it for further uses, if possible. 

Olea. Oils. 

If This is to be a general title of the whole class. Definitions are to be given of 
Fixed Oils, both of organic and of mineral origin, and of Volatile Oils, with general 
methods of detecting adulteration^ 

Oleum iEthereum. Ethereal Oil. 

Take of Alcohol ("Strong. Ale"), twenty-four parts ... 24 

Sulphuric Acid, fifty-four parts 54 

Distilled Water, one part 1 

Stronger Ether, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

1 Directions same as at present. 



101 



Present Formula. 






Approximations . 


Strong. Alcohol . 


20 


11,904 grs. 


11,900 120 24 


Sulphuric Acid 


555 


26,400 " 


26,400 270 54 


Distilled Water . 


in. 5 


456 " 


500 5 1 


Strong. Ether . 


q. s. 


q. s. 


q. s. q. s. q. s. 



Oleum Amygdalae Amarae. — O. Amygdalae Expressum. — O. Anisi. — * O. 
Aurantii Corticis. — * O. Aurantii Florum. — O. Bergamii. 

* Oleum Cadinum. Oil of Cade. 

t Oil of Cade is largely used in this country, in regular practice, for the treatment 
of certain skin diseases. The source of the commercial article has been considered 
doubtful by recent authorities (see Pharmacographia [2], p. 623). The writer has, how- 
ever, lately ascertained that it is, and has been, manufactured from the wood of one 
(or more) species of Juniperus at Nimes, in Southern France. 

Oleum Cajuputi. — O. Camphorae. — O. Cari. — O. Caryophylli. — * O. Cassiae. 

II It is proposed to use this term to denominate the oil obtained from Chinese 
Cinnamon. See Cassia. 

Oleum Chenopodii. — O. Cinnamomi. 

1 This is restricted to mean only the Oil from Ceylon Cinnamon. 

Oleum Copaibae. — O. Coriandri. — O. Cubebae. — O. Erigerontis Canadensis. — 
*0. Eucalypti (from Eucalyptus globulus Labill.). — O. Foeniculi. — O. 
Gaultheriae. 

* Oleum Gossypii Seminis. Cotton-Seed Oil. 

IT Cotton-seed Oil has been used, without doubt, to a large extent already under 
the guise of other names. When refined, it is a beautiful oil, and may be used for a 
variety of purposes. It cannot replace olive oil for all purposes, because it partly be- 
longs to the drying oils, but for certain purposes it is far superior to olive oil, as it 
is free from odor and taste, and greatly cheaper. See Linimentum Camphorce ; Lini- 
mentum Ammonice ; Unguentum Diachylon. 

Oleum Hedeomse. — O. Juniperi. — O. Lavandulae. — O. Limonis. — O. Lini. — O. 
Menthae Piperitae. — O. Menthae Viridis. — O. Monardae (d). — Oleum Mor- 
rhuae. — O. Myristicae. — O. Olivae. — O. Origani (d ?). 

7 The commercial Oil of Origanum is generally (or always) Oil of Thyme; the 
Pharmacographia [2], p. 437, says that true Oil of Origanum was never found in com- 
merce, so far as the authors could ascertain. 

* Oleum Paraffiai (see Unguentum Paraffini). 

Oleum Phosphoratum. Phosphorated Oil. 

Take of Phosphorus, in as large and few pieces as possible, one part 1 
Cod-Liver Oil, ninety-nine parts 99 

Introduce the Cod-Liver Oil into a bottle which will be about three-fourths 
filled with it. Fit two corks to the bottle, lay one aside, and fit the other with 



102 

two glass tubes, one shorter, and the other reaching to very near the surface 
of the Oil. Then pass a current of dry carbonic acid gas through the bottle 
for about fifteen minutes, or until the air is completely expelled. Having 
rapidly weighed the phosphorus, previously cooled by means of ice, and hav- 
ing thoroughly dried it with blotting paper, introduce it quickly into the bot- 
tle, close the latter with the unperforated cork, and set it into tepid water. 
Apply a gentle heat until the phosphorus has melted, and after frequent agi- 
tation, is entirely dissolved. Then again connect the bottle with the reservoir 
of carbonic acid gas, and while a sufficient volume of the latter is allowed to 
pass into the bottle, transfer the Phosphorated Oil, by means of a glass siphon 
provided with a stop-cock, into small vials, previously rinsed with stronger 
ether and not dried, of the capacity of 30 cubic centimetres, or 1 fluid ounce, 
which must be tightly closed and kept in a dark, cool place. 

1 This is Dr. Squibb's formula in a condensed form. Oil of Almonds has been 
stated by Dr. J. Ashburton Thompson to be an improper vehicle for phosphorus. 
His authority has since been doubted, and Dr. Squibb now uses Almond Oil. 
The Germ. Pharm. Rep. recommends to dissolve the phosphorus in carbon disulphide, 
and then to add it to the oil. Applied to our formula, and improving it by directing 
the use of carbonic acid gas, it would be about as follows: 

Take of Phosphorus, one part 1 

Bisulphide of Carbon, Jive parts 5 

Cod-Liver Oil, ninety-nine parts . 99 

Dissolve the Phosphorus, with great caution, in the Bisulphide of Carbon, 
add the solution to the Cod-Liver Oil, contained in a flask loosely stoppered, 
and heat the latter at a temperature of 50° C. (= 122° F.), while a slow stream 
of carbonic acid gas is allowed to pass over the surface of the Oil, until all 
odor of the Bisulphide of Carbon has disappeared. 

* Oleum Picis Liquidae. — O. Pimentae. — O. Ricini. 

If The Germ. Pharm. Rep. remarks to the latter: Spec. grav. 0.962 at 21° C. It 
makes a clear mixture with glacial acetic acid and with absolute alcohol, and yields 
a clear solution when mixed with 2 parts of alcohol of 0.838 at 25° C. (Fluckiger). 

Oleum Rosae.— O. Rosmarini.— O. Rutae (d).— O. Sabinae.— * O. Santali.— O. 
Sassafras.— O. Sesami. — O. Sinapis. — O. Succini. — O. Succini Recti- 
ficatum.— O. Tabaci (d).— O. Terebinthinae.— O. Theobromae.— O. Thymi 
(See Ol. Origani).—0. Tiglii.— O. Valerianae. 

Opium. Opium. 

The juice, obtained by incision of the unripe capsules of Papaver somni- 
femm L. , grown in Asia Minor, and inspissated by spontaneous evaporation. 

Opium, when dried at 100° C. (—212° F.) until it ceases to lose weight, 
should contain at least 10 per cent [and should be made to contain not over 
12 per cent of morphia?], by the following process: 

Take of Opium, in powder and dried as above required, 6i grammes (100.3 
grains); lime, freshly slaked with one-third its weight of water, 3 grammes (46.3 
grains); chloride of ammonium, in powder, 4h grammes (69.4 grains); benzol 



103 

(see list of reagents \ 50 cubic centimetres (the volume of 772 grains of water); 
washed ether (list of reagents), 6 cubic centimetres (the volume of 92 grains of 
water); distilled water, 70 cubic centimetres (the volume of 1,080 grains of 
water) or a sufficient quantity. 

Place the Opium in a paper filter of 4 inches (10 centimetres) diameter 
in a small funnel; add benzol to fill and cover the powder, and when the fil- 
trate begins to drop, close the neck of the funnel, and leave to macerate one 
hour. Then percolate, by adding the remainder of the benzol, and dry the 
filter and its contents at a gentle heat till the odor of benzol has disappeared. 
Carefully transfer the contents of the filter (which is to be preserved) to an 
exactly weighed flask of the capacity of 100 to 120 cubic centimetres, add the 
lime with 20 to 30 cubic centimetres of distilled water, agitate for several min- 
utes, then stopper the flask and shake till a uniform mixture is obtained. 

Add distilled water, enough to make the contents of the flask weigh 74^ 
grammes (1,149.7 grains). Digest, by immersing the flask in nearly boiling 
water, with occasional agitation, for one hour. Cool, and add distilled water 
to restore the exact weight of 74.5 grammes. Filter, through the paper filter 
previously used, into a test-tube or other cylindrical glass of the capacity of 
80 or 90 cubic centimetres, and previously marked for the volume of 50 cubic 
centimetres (771.6 grains of water), until the filtered liquid reaches the mark. 
Should the filtrate lack a few drops of the required volume, the filter-contents 
are gently pressed to bring the liquid to the mark, but in any case no more 
than this volume is received. To the filtered liquid (now representing 5 
grammes of the Opium) add 8 drops of the benzol and 3 cubic centimetres of 
the washed ether, then stopper the tube and agitate. Add the chloride of 
ammonium, and when it has dissolved, agitate again, and set aside in a cool 
place for 3 to 3| hours. The crystalline deposit is now gathered by filtration 
in a small filter, previously weighed and moistened, the deposit collected and 
the filter washed with several portions of distilled water, using but a few drops 
in each portion. The filter-contents are then dried at about 50° C. (122° F.) 
washed with the remainder of the washed ether (3 cubic centimetres), dried 
again and weighed. 

The weight represents the morphia in 5 grammes (77.16 grains) of opium. 
The per cent is found by multiplying the weight in grammes by 20, or by 
dividing the weight in grains by 0.7716. — A. B. Prescott. 

IT Opium should be limited both in minimum and maximum strength (Prescott. 
Seethe complete paper of this author in Proceed. Am. Pharm. Asso., vol. 26, 807). 
It would be desirable to exactly fix the strength, say at 10 per cent, and to give direc- 
tions how any richer opium should be reduced to this strength. If only opium of 10$? 
morphia strength were used in pharmaceutical preparations, it would always be an 
easy matter to know the exact morphia strength of the different preparations. The 
" List of Reagents " mentioned above refers to the list which is proposed to be added 
to the U. S. Ph., and not to this Report. 

The Germ. Pharm. Rep. contains the following process of Prof. Fluckiger, who 
has kindly furnished the writer with a corrected copy of the same: 

15 grammes of opium are dried at 100° C. (212° F.) until it ceases to lose weight. 
The loss represents the amount of water. The dry opium is powdered, and 8 grammes 
of the powder repeatedly extracted with (strong.) ether, whereby narcotine is removed. 



104 

The residue is deprived of ether by exposure to air, mixed with 80 grammes of wpter 
in a closed flask, and frequently shaken during 12 hours. The mixture is then poured 
upon a plaited filter of the diameter of 12.5 centimetres. Of the filtrate, which usu- 
ally measures 65 to 68 cubic centimetres, 42.5 grammes [representing half the weight 

80 
of the water: — =40, and half of the soluble matter which has been dissolved out of 

8 grammes of opium, namely, 4. 8 -to 5.2, divided by 2] are transferred to a small tared 
flask of the capacity of not over 100 cc. 12 grammes of alcohol of 0.815 spec. grav. 
at 15° C, and 10 grammes of ether are now added, which do not make the solution 
turbid. Finally 1.5 gm. of water of ammonia, spec. grav. 0.960, are introduced, and the 
contents agitated, whereby a colorless ethereal layer separates. The flask is now 
well closed, and set aside for 24 hours. A small double-plaited filter of 10 cm. dia- 
meter is then moistened with a mixture of alcohol and ether, in the proportions given 
above, and upon it are emptied the contents of the flask, in which the adhering 
crystals . have previously been detached by agitation. When the mother liquid has 
passed, the crystals are washed with 10 grammes of ether-alcohol (made as above 
described), and finally with 10 grammes of pure ether. They are then removed from 
the filter back to the flask in which they are dried and weighed. The crystals have 
the composition: C 17 H 19 N03.H 2 0. 

Origanum.— Os (d).— Ovum (d).— Panax (d).— Papaver.— * Paraffinum (see Un- 
giienta). 

* Paracotoinum. Paracotoin. 

H Germ. Pharm. Rep.: A light powder, of a light-yellow color, a very pungent 
taste, and a peculiar odor inciting to sneezing. It is with difficulty soluble in water, 
easily in alcohol, and melts in ether. On warming it with concentrated nitric acid, it 
yields a blood-red solution. Its solution in alcohol, mixed with ferric chloride solu- 
tion, assumes a dark- violet color (Jobst). 

Pareira. — Pepo. 

* Pepsinum. Pepsin. 

A peculiar digestive principle of the gastric juice of warm-blooded ani- 
mals, usually obtained from the stomachs of the pig, sheep, or calf. 

Char. — A fine, almost white, non-hygroscopic powder, without animal 
odor or taste. 1 part is easily soluble in 50 parts of water at 25° C. (=77° F.) 
with only slight opalescence, so that printed words of the size of the titles in the 
Pharmacopoeia, may still be plainly distinguished through a layer of 1 cm. in 
thickness. On the addition of 2 drops of hydrochloric acid, the liquid becomes 
more pellucid, so that print of the kind mentioned before may still be recog- 
nized through a layer of 10 cm. in thickness. 1 part of pepsin dissolved in 1,500 
parts of water and 25 parts of hydrochloric acid, should dissolve 100 parts of egg 
albumen, boiled in the egg for 4 minutes and cut into small pieces ["of the 
size of lentils"], after repeated brisk agitation at a temperature of 40° C. 
(=104° F.) maintained during 4 to 6 hours. The resulting liquid has a faint 
opalescence. 1 part of pepsin should dissolve 250 parts of blood-fibrin, pre- 
viously washed and swelled up in 2,000 parts of water mixed with 25 parts of 
hydrochloric acid, within 4 hours, under frequent brisk agitation, at a tem- 
perature of 40° C. (=104° F.) to a turbid liquid. — Germ. Pharm. Rep. 

t The size of titles referred to above is understood to be that used in the Germ. 
Pharm., and about corresponds to what is known here as Pica Aldine. 



105 

* Pepsinum Saccharatum. Saccharated Pepsin. 

Pepsin mixed, while moist, with sugar of milk, and afterwards dried and 
powdered. The strength of the product should be so adjusted that 10 parts of 
it, dissolved in 150 parts of water and 3 parts of hydrochloric acid, will dis- 
solve at least 120 parts of egg-albumen at a temperature of 40° C. (=104° F.) in 
5 or 6 hours. 

Petroselinum. — Phosphorus. — Physostigma. 

* Physostigmiae Salicylas. Salicylate of Physostigmia. 

1 Merck found this to be the most stable salt of this alkaloid, and most readily- 
obtained in a pure state. The Germ. Pharm. Rep. gives the following characters : 
Colorless, shining, needle-shaped, or short columnar crystals, apparently of a rhombic 
form. Soluble in 130 parts of water at ordinary temperature (14°-16° C), much more 
readily in hot water. A solution of 1 part in 50 of hot water remains clear after cool- 
ing, even after standing for weeks, which may depend on the formation of a super- 
saturated solution. The crystallized salt keeps unaltered in the light for a long time, 
but its aqueous or alcoholic solutions, when exposed to diffused light, assume a red- 
dish color in a few days. A 1% solution acts energetically on the pupil. 

Phytolacca Bacca.— Phytolacca Radix. 

* Pilocarpi® Hydrochloras. Hydrochlorate of Pilocarpia. 

I The Germ. PJiarm. Rep. adds : Small white crystals, easily soluble in water and 
alcohol, scarcely soluble in ether and chloroform, of a faintly bitter taste, and some- 
what hygroscopic. The aqueous solution, which is neutral, may be kept for some 
time unaltered, and contracts the pupil. With strong sulphuric acid it yields a yellow 
color, with nitric acid (of 1.400) a faintly green, and with sulphuric acic and potassium 
bichromate an emerald-green color. In its faintly acidified solution ammonia pro- 
duces no precipitate. Solution of soda produces a cloudiness only in a concentrated 
solution. 

* Pilocarpus (Jaboraiidi). 

Pilulae. Pills. 

II In the present U. S. Ph. the list of Pilulce, or Pills, is followed by two formulas 
entitled Pilula Ferri Carbonatis and Pilula Saponis Co., where the word Pilula means 
" pill-mass." Although these two formulas should be placed at the beginning of this 
chapter if the alphabetical arrangement is strictly adhered to, yet in practice it will 
be preferable to insert them in the list just as if the title were " Pilulce,.''' 1 

In order to facilitate the use of the formulas given it has been thought advanta- 
geous to accompany each formula with a statement of actual working quantities. In 
future editions of the U. S. Ph., when the medical and pharmaceutical professions will 
have become more thoroughly used to the system of parts by weight, this may not 
be necessary, but at the present time, which may be called a period of transition, 
additions of this kind will not only be excusable, but even advisable. 

In giving the corresponding equivalents of apothecaries' and decimal weights, 
only the nearest approximations of the latter could be given. For instance, under 
Pilulae Ferri Iodidi it is stated that on substituting " drachm " for " part," the mass 
will have to be divided into 2,000 pills. Now, if " gramme " is substituted for " part," 
the actual number of pills (of % grain iodine each) should be nearly 514, which is an 
inconvenient number. Therefore the figure 500 was chosen instead of 514. In smaller 
figures the deviation from the true value becomes so small as to be insignificant. 

It is not deemed advisable to recognize, officially, any particular coating for pills. 



106 

Pilulae Aloes. Pills of Aloes. 

Take of Purified Aloes, in fine powder, four parts .... 4 
Soap, in fine powder, four parts . . . . . 4 

Beat them together with water into a mass to be divided into pills, so that 
each will contain 13 centigrammes (0.13 gm.) or 2 grains of Aloes, and the 
other ingredient in proportion. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 30 pills. 

Substituting drachm for part, the mass will make 120 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Asafoetidae. Pills of Aloes and Asafoetida. 

Take of Purified Aloes, in fine powder, three parts .... 3 

Asafoetida, three parts 3 

Soap, in fine powder, three parts . . . . . . 3 

Beat them together with water into a mass to be divided into pills, so that 
each will contain 10 centigrammes (0.10 gm.) or 1£ grains of Aloes,- and the 
other ingredients in proportion. 

Substituting gramme tor part, the mass will make 30 pills. 

Substituting drachm for part, the mass will make 120 pills 

1 In order to get more simple proportions, the quantity of Aloes in each pill is 
raised from 1 V 3 to \y 2 grains. 

Pilulae Aloes et Mastiches. Pills of Aloes and Mastic. 

Take of Purified Aloes, in fine powder, four parts .... 4 

Mastic, in fine powder, one part 1 

Red Rose, in fine powder, one part 1 

Beat them together with water into a mass to be divided into pills, so that 
each will contain 13 centigrammes (0.13 gm.) or 2 grains of Aloes, and the 
other ingredients in proportion. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 30 pills. 

Substituting drachm for part, the mass will make 120 pills. 

Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhae. Pills of Aloes and Myrrh. 

Take of Purified Aloes, in fine powder, four parts .... 4 

Myrrh, in fine powder, two parts 2 

Aromatic Powder, one part . . . . . . . 1 

Simple Syrup, a sufficient quantity . .. . . . q. s. 

Beat the powders together with Syrup into a mass to be divided into pills, 
so that each will contain 13 centigrammes (0.13 gm.) or 2 grains of Aloes, and 
the other ingredients in proportion. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 30 pills. 

Substituting drachm for part, the mass will make 120 pills. 

1 The present U. S. Ph. directs common " Socotrine Aloes " to be used in prepar- 
ing the three first mentioned pills, and " Purified Aloes " in preparing the last formula. 



107 

As this was probably not intended, " Purified Aloes " was substituted in all cases 
where this drug occurs in pills or powders. 

Pilulae Antimonii Compositae. Compound Pills of Antimony. 

Syn. Plummer's Pills. 

Take of Sulphurated Antimony, one part 1 

Mild Chloride of Mercury, one part 1 

Guaiac, tivo parts 2 

Molasses, two parts . 2 

Rub the Sulphurated Antimony first with the Mild Chloride of Mercury, 
and then with the Guaiac and Molasses into a mass to be divided into pills, 
so that each will contain 3 centigrammes (0.03 gm.) or \ grain of Sulphurated 
Antimony, and the other ingredients in proportion. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 30 pills. 

Substituting drachm for part, the mass will make 120 pills. 

Pilulae Asafcetidae Pills of Asaf oetida. 

Take of Asaf oetida, six parts 6 

Soap, in fine powder, two parts 2 

Beat them together with water into a mass to be divided into pills, so that 
each will contain 20 centigrammes (0.20 gm.) or 3 grains of Asaf oetida, and the 
other ingredient in proportion. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 30 pills. 

Substituting drachm for part, the mass will make 120 pills. 

Pilulae Catharticae Compositae. Compound Cathartic Pills. 

Take of Compound Extract of Colocynth, sixteen parts ... 16 

Extract of Jalap, in fine powder, twelve parts ... 12 

Mild Chloride of Mercury, twelve parts .... 12 

Gamboge, in fine powder, three parts .... 3 

Mix the powders together, then with water form a mass to be divided into 
pills, so that each will contain 9 centigrammes (0.09 gm.) or \\ grains of Com- 
pound Extract of Colocynth, and the other ingredients in proportion. 

Substituting gramme for part the mass will make 180 pills. 

Substituting scruple for part, the mass will make 240 pills. 

Pilulae Copaibae. Pills of Copaiba. 

Take of Copaiba, sixteen parts 16 

Magnesia, recently prepared, one part .... 1 

Mix them thoroughly together and set the mixture aside until it concretes 
into a pilular mass, then divide it into pills, so that each will contain 33 centi- 
grammes (0.33 gm.), or 5 grains of Copaiba. 



108 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 50 pills. 
Substituting drachm for part, the mass will make 200 pills. 

1 In order to obtain more simple proportions, the quantity of Copaiba in each pill 
was raised from 0.31 gr. or 4.8 grains to 0.33 gm. or 5 grains. 

Pilula Ferri Carbonatis. Pillmass of Carbonate of Iron. 

Take of Sulphate of Iron, sixteen parts 16 

Carbonate of Sodium, eighteen parts .... 18 

Clarified Honey, six parts 6 

Sugar, in coarse powder, four parts 4 

Boiling Water, sixty parts 60' 

Simple Syrup, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Dissolve the salts separately, each in one-half of the Water, and 

having added Simple Syrup, five parts 5 

to the solution of the iron salt, filter both solutions. When cold, mix them 
in a bottle just large enough to hold them, or add sufficient recently boiled, 
cold Water to completely fill it, close it accurately with a stopper, agitate 
it and set it aside in a cool place, so that the carbonate of iron may subside. 
Pour off the supernatant liquid, and having made a mixture of twelve 
parts of cold Water, recently boiled, and one part of Simple Syrup, wash 
the precipitate with the mixture until the washings no longer have a 
saline taste. Drain the precipitate on a flannel cloth and express as much 
of the Water as possible. Lastly, mix the precipitate intimately with 
the Clarified Honey and Sugar, and by means of a water-bath, evaporate 
the mixture, constantly stirring, until it is reduced to sixteen parts . . 16 

Pilulae Ferri Compositae. Compound Pills of Iron. 

Take of Myrrh, in fine powder, two parts 2 

Carbonate of Sodium, one part . . . . . 1 

Sulphate of Iron, one part 1 

Simple Syrup, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Rub the Myrrh, first with the Carbonate of Sodium, and afterwards 
with the Sulphate of Iron, until they are thoroughly mixed; then beat them, 
with Simple Syrup, into a mass, to be divided into pills, so that each will con- 
tain 10 centigrammes (0.10 gm.) or 1£ grains of Myrrh, and the other ingredi- 
ents in proportion. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 20 pills. 

Substituting drachm for part , the mass will make 80 pills. 

Pilulae Ferri Iodidi. Pills of Iodide of Iron. 

Take of Iodine, twenty-five parts 25 

Iron, in the form of fine wire, and cut in pieces, ten parts . 10 
Sugar, in fine powder, sixteen parts . . . .16 

Liquorice Root, in fine powder, sixteen parts ... 16 



109 

Extract of Liquorice, in fine powder, four parts ... 4 

Gum Arabic, in fine powder, four parts 4 

Reduced Iron, eight parts . 8 

Balsam of Tolu, five parts 5 

Stronger Ether, four parts 4 

Water, sixty parts 60 

Mix the Iodine with Water, fifty parts 50 

in a glass flask, and gradually add the Iron, agitating until the solution has 
become of a light pea-green color; then filter into a porcelain capsule contain- 
ing the Reduced Iron, and add the remainder of the Water in order to wash 
the filter. Evaporate the solution until a pellicle forms, and, adding the re- 
maining powders previously mixed together, continue the evaporation, by 
means of a water-bath, with constant stirring, until the mixture is reduced to a 
pilular consistence. Lastly, divide the mass into pills, so that each will repre- 
sent 5 centigrammes (0.05 gm.) or f grains of Iodine, and the other ingredients 
in proportion. 

Dissolve the Balsam of Tolu in the Ether, shake the pills with the solution 
until they are uniformly coated, and put them on a plate to dry, occasionally 
stirring them until the drying is completed. Keep them in a well-stoppered 
bottle. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 500 pills. 

Substituting drachm for part, the mass will make 2,000 pills. 

Char. — These pills are devoid of the smell of iodine; and distilled water, 
rubbed with them, and filtered, does not color solution of starch, or imparts 
to it at most only a faint blue tint. 

IT The formula of the present U. S. Ph. produces pills, each of which corre- 
sponds to 0.051 gm. or 15-19ths of one grain of Iodine. The deviation from the above 
formula is therefore insignificant. 

Pilulae Galbani Compositae. Compound Pills of Galbanum. 

Take of Galbanum, three parts 3 

Myrrh, three parts 3 

Asafcetida, one part 1 

Simple Syrup, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Beat them together into a mass, to be divided into pills, so that each will 
contain 10 centigrammes (0.10 gm.), or 1£ grains of Galbanum, and the other 
ingredients in proportion. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 30 pills. 

Substituting drachm for part, the mass will make 120 pills. 

Pilula Hydrargyri. Pillmass of Mercury. Blue Mass. Blue Pills. 

Take of Mercury, sixteen parts 10 

Sugar, fifteen parts 15 

Liquorice Root, in fine powder, eight parts . ... 8 



110 

Honey, three parts . 3 

Rose Water, four parts 4 

Red Rose, in fine powder, two parts . . ' . . . 2 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Triturate the Liquorice Root with the Mercury and Honey. Gradually 
add the Rose Water, and continue the trituration until globules of Mercury 
cease to be visible under a lens magnifying 10 [?] diameters. Then add the 
Sugar and Red Rose, and rub the whole thoroughly together until a uniform, 
plastic mass results. If the mass becomes too dry during trituration, add a 
little Distilled Water, and when the whole is thoroughly mixed, expose the 
mass to the air, in a thin layer, until it is of the proper consistence. 

1 Instead of the heading "Pilulae Hydrargyri," it is thought better to use the 
expression, "Pilula Hydrargyri," as the mass is usually kept in stock as such, and 
physicians are in the habit of ordering a varying number of grains of the mass. The 
present U. S. Ph. directed the mass to be divided into pills, representing 1 grain of 
mercury each, or 3 grains of the mass. The process of the present U. S. Ph. does 
not accomplish the extinction of the mercury thoroughly ; the modification proposed 
by Prof Maisch is, therefore, recommended. 

Pilulae Opii. Pills of Opium. 

Take of Opium, in fine powder, four parts 4 

Soap, in fine powder, one part 1 

Beat them together with water, into a mass, to be divided into pills, so 
that each will contain 6 centigrammes (0.06 gm.), or 1 grain of Opium. 
Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 60 pills. 
Substituting drachm for part, the mass will make 240 pills. 

* Pilulae Podophylli Compositae. Compound Pills of Podophyllum. 

Take of Resin of Podophyllum, two parts . . . . . 2 

Alcoholic Extract of Hyoscyamus, eight parts . . .8 

Capsicum, in fine powder, eight par ts 8 

Sugar of Milk, in fine powder, eight parts . . . .8 
Gum Arabic, in fine powder, two parts .... 2 

Glycerin, one part 1 

Simple Syrup, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the Resin of Podophyllum with the Capsicum, Sugar of Milk, and 
Gum Arabic by thorough and prolonged trituration; then gradually add the 
Extract of Hyoscyamus, Glycerin, and enough Simple Syrup to form a uni- 
form, plastic mass, to be divided into pills, so that each will contain 16 milli- 
grammes (0.016 gm.), or | grain of Resin of Podophyllum, and the other 
ingredients in proportion. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 120 pills. 

Substituting scruple for part, the mass will make 160 pills. 

1 Pills containing Resin of Podophyllum, with correctives and carminatives, are 
very frequently demanded, and it is time to have some regular standard, as they are 
often prescribed very indefinitely under the name "Pil. Podophylli (Co.)." The above 



Ill 

formula is that proposed by Dr. E. R. Squibb. The proportion of glycerin in the original 
formula would be, in parts by weight, three parts, which has been reduced to one 
part, this being believed to be sufficient. Dr. Squibb directed them to be dried by 
exposure to air, whereby the water of the syrup would evaporate, and the glycerin 
would alone remain as moistening and binding substance. If the pills are made in 
quantity, to be kept in stock, three parts of glycerin may be used, with subsequent 
drying. But as these pills are often to be made ex tempore for immediate use, a 
smaller quantity of glycerin is preferable. 

Pilulae Quiniae Sulphatis. Pills of Sulphate of Quinia. 

Take of Sulphate of Quinia, six parts . .'•'-. . . . 6 

Tartaric Acid, one part 1 

Glycerin, one part . 1 

Beat theni together into a mass, to be divided into pills, so that each will 
contain 6 centigrammes (0.06 gm.) or 1 grain of Sulphate of Quinia. 
Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 90 pills. 
Substituting drachm for part, the mass will make 360 pills. 

1 The Honey which is directed by the present U. S. Ph. as excipient is replaced 
by Tartaric Acid and Glycerin. 

Pilulae Rhei. Pills of Rhubarb. 

Take of Rhubarb, in fine powder, six parts 6 

Soap, in fine powder, two parts 2 

Beat them together with water into a mass, to be divided into pills, so 
that each will contain 20 centigrammes (0.20 gm.), or 3 grains of Rhubarb. 
Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 30 pills. 
Substituting drachm for part, the mass will make 120 pills. 

Pilulae Rhei Compositae. Compound Pills of Rhubarb. 

Take of Rhubarb, in fine powder, twenty-four parts . . . .24 
Purified Aloes, in fine powder, eighteen parts ... 18 

Myrrh, in fine powder, twelve parts 12 

Oil of Peppermint, one part 1 

Beat them together with water into a mass, to be divided into pills, so 
that each will contain 13 centigrammes (0.13 gm.), or 2 grains of Rhubarb, 
and the other ingredients in proportion. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 180 pills. 

Substituting scruple for part, the mass will make 240 pills. 

Pilula Saponis * et Opii (d). Pillmass of Soap and Opium. 

Take of Opium, in fine powder, one part 1 

Soap, in fine powder, four parts 4 

Beat them together with water to form a pilular mass. 

f This pillmass bears, in the present U. S. Pharm., the deceptive title: Pilula 



112 

Saponis Composite. The argument has been advanced that the omission of the word 
" Opium " enables the physician to prescribe an opiate without the knowledge of the 
patient. But this is certainly wrong and the title should be altered as above ; or, what 
is preferable, the preparation should be dropped altogether. 

Pilulae Scillae Compositae. Compound Pills of Squill. 

Take of Squill, in fine powder, one part . . . . . .1 

Ginger, in fine powder, two parts 2 

Ammoniac, in fine powder, two parts 2 

Soap, in fine powder, three parts 3 

Simple Syrup, a sufficient quantity . . • . . . q. s. 

Mix the powders; then beat them with Simple Syrup into a mass, to be 
divided into pills, so that each will contain 3 centigrammes (0.03 gm.) or £ 
grain of Squill, and the other ingredients in proportion. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 30 parts. 

Substituting drachm for part, the mass will make 120 pills. 

Pimenta. — Piper. — Pix Burgundica. — Pix Canadensis. — Pix Liquida. — 
Plumbi Acetas. — Plumbi Carbonas. — Plumbi Iodidum. — Plumbi Nitras. — 
Plumbi Oxidum. — Podophyllum. — Polygala Rubella (d). — Potassa. — Po- 
tassa cum Calce. 

1 Formula as at present, taking equal parts. 

Potassii Acetas. — Potassii Bicarbonas. — Potassii Bichromas. — Potassii Bi- 
tartras. 

Potassii Bromidum. Bromide of Potassium. 

1 To the tests is to be added, particularly, that 1 part must be soluble, to a color- 
less liquid, in 20 parts of diluted sulphuric acid (1:5; spec. gr. 1,115).— Germ. Pharm. 
Rep. 

Potassii Carbonas.— Potassii Carbonas Impura.— Potassii Carbonas Pura. — 
Potassii Chloras. 

1 This salt, when moderately ignited in a covered crucible, must leave 60.8$? of 
chloride of potassium. This test also shows the presence of any nitrate of potassium. 
The salt must be free from chlorides.— Germ. Pharm Rep. 

Potassii Citras. — Potassii Cyanidum. — Potassii et Sodii Tartras. — Potassii 
Ferrocyanidum. — Potassii Hypophosphis. — Potassii Iodidum. 

1 In stating the solubility of this salt in alcohol, the spec. grav. of the latter is to 
be fixed exactly, since alcohols of 0.830 and 0.834 differ already greatly in their solvent 
powers on the salt. To detect bromide, 1 part of the salt is warmed with 40 parts of 
water on the water-bath, and the solution, after the addition of a little sulphate of 
copper, evaporated, in order to drive off the iodine which has been set free. This is 
repeated as long as any iodine escapes. The saline residue finally remaining must 
have a distinct but only faint green color. This is now gradually exhausted with 
small quantities of water, the liquid Altered from cuprous iodide, and the nitrate con 
centrated on the water-bath. If any bromine was present, the inner wall of the 



113 

capsule becomes gradually colored black from deposition of anhydrous cupric bro- 
mide, which latter may be quickly redissolved, by a drop of water, to a pale-green 
liquid, while on further evaporation the black rings again make their appearance. 
The salt must be free from recognizable traces of alkalies [Hager, in Pharmac. 
Centralhalle, 1879, 444, objects to this requirement, since traces of alkali are necessary 
to preserve the salt from turning yellow, which is owing to the presence of iodide of 
sodium, always accompanying the potassium salt]. To test successfully for iodic 
acid, it is necessary to dilute the solution of the salt sufficiently, and to add only 
a few drops of sulphuric acid. If iodic acid is present, a yellow color must appear 
immediately ; if it only appears after awhile, this is produced by other causes than 
the presence of iodic acid. — Germ. Pliarm. Rep. 

Potassii Nitras. — Potassii Permanganas. 

1 To test this salt, proceed as follows : Dissolve it in water, add a few drops of 
alcohol, and boil, so as to completely reduce it. Then filter the liquid from the pre- 
cipitate, and test the colorless alkaline nitrate in the usual manner for chlorides, 
nitrates and sulphates.— Genu. Pharm. Rep. 

Potassii Sulphas. — Potassii Sulphis. — Potassii Sulphuretum (better Sulphi- 
dum). — Potassii Tartras. — Prinos id). — Prunus Virginiana. — Prunum. — 
* Pulsatilla. 

Pulveres Effervescentes. Effervescing Powders. 

Syn. Soda Powders. 

Take of Bicarbonate of Sodium, in fine powder, six par ts . . 6 

Divide it into such a number of parts, to be folded in blue paper, that 
each will contain 2 grammes (2.00 gm.) or 30 grains of the Bicarbo- 
nate. Then 

Take of Tartaric Acid, in fine powder, five par ts .... 5 

Divide it into such a number of parts, to be folded in white paper, 
that each will contain 1 gramme and 70 centigrammes (1.70 gm.) or 25 
grains of the Acid. Preserve the powders from moisture. 

Pulveres Effervescentes Aperientes. Effervescing Aperient Powders. 

Syn. Seidlitz Powders. 

Take of Bicarbonate of Sodium, in fine powder, eight parts . . 8 
Tartrate of Potassium and Sodium, in fine powder, twenty- 
four parts 24 

Mix them intimately and divide the mixture into such a number of 
parts, to be folded in blue paper, that each part will contain 10 grammes 
and 50 centigrammes (10.50 gm.) or 160 grains of the mixed Salts. Then 

Take of Tartaric Acid, in fine powder, seven parts .... 7 

Divide it into such a number of parts, to be folded in white paper, 
that each part will contain 2 grammes and 27 centigrammes (2.27 gm.) or 
35 grains of the Acid. Preserve the powders from moisture. 

8 



114 

Pulvis Aloes et Canellae. Powder of Aloes and Canella. 

Take of Purified Aloes, in fine powder, four parts .... 4 
Canella, in fine powder, one part 1 

Rub them together until they are thoroughly mixed. 

1 Common Socotrine Aloes, which is directed by the present U. S. Ph., should be 
replaced by Purified Aloes. 

* Pulvis Antimonialis. Antimonial Powder. 

Syn. James" Powder. 

Take of Oxide of Antimony, one part . . . . . . 1 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, two parts . . 2 

IT This is still much in use, and might be re-introduced into the U. S. Ph. 

Pulvis Aromaticus. Aromatic Powder. 

Take of Cinnamon, in fine powder, two parts 2 

Ginger, in fine powder, two parts 2 

Cardamom, deprived of the capsules and crushed, one part 1 

Nutmeg, in coarse powder, one part 1 

Triturate the Cardamom and Nutmeg with a portion of the Cinna- 
mon; then add the remainder of the Cinnamon and the Ginger, and 
rub the whole together, until it forms a fine uniform powder. 

1 The present U. S. Ph. orders both the Cardamom and the Nutmeg " in fine pow- 
der," which is not practicable. 

* Pulvis Cinchoniae Compositus. Compound Powder of Cinchonia. 

Take of Cinchonia, twelve parts , . . 12 

Bicarbonate of Sodium, one part 1 

Sugar of Milk, in moderately fine powder, sixty parts . 60 

Rub them together to a fine powder. 

If This combination is said to be very useful, particularly as a tasteless febrifuge 
for children. It was originated by Dr. Sam. Ashhurst of Philadelphia, and appears to 
have sufficient merit to deserve a place in the U. S. Ph. 

* Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus. " Compound Powder of Liquorice. 

Syn. Kurella's Pectoral Powder. 

Take of Senna, in fine powder, two parts 2 

Liquorice Root, in fine powder, two parts ... 2 

Fennel, in fine powder, one part 1 

Washed Sulphur, one part 1 

Sugar, in fine powder, six parts 

Rub them together until they are thoroughly mixed. 



115 

1 This is so frequently used in regular practice, that it should by all means have 
a place in the U. S. Ph. The proportions are the same as those of the Germ. Ph. 

Pulvis Ipecacuanhae Compositus. Compound Powder of Ipecacuanha. 

Syn. Dover's Powder. 

Take of Ipecacuanha, in fine powder, one part .... 1 
Opium, dried, and in fine powder, one part ... 1 

Sulphate of Potassium, in moderately coarse powder, 
eight parts 8 

Rub them together into a very fine powder. 

•" Dover's Powder has always been prepared with Sulphate of Potassium. The 
original formula of Dr. Dover, published in 1733, contained: potassium nitrate, 4 ; 
potassium sulphate, 4 parts; ipecac, 1; liquorice, 1; opium, 1 part. The sulphate of 
potassium has probably no other advantage than to facilitate the trituration of the 
opium and ipecac. As the preparation has a somewhat disagreeable taste, Dr. H, G. 
Piffard recommends to use Sugar of Milk as a diluent. The therapeutic effects are 
said to be the same. The formula would then be: 

Take of Ipecacuanha, in fine powder, one part ...... 1 

Opium, dried, and in fine powder, one part . . . . . .1 

Sugar of Milk, in moderately coarse powder, eight parts . .8 

Rub them together into a very fine powder. 

Pulvis Jalapae Compositus. Compound Powder of Jalap. 

Take of Jalap, in very fine powder, one part 1 

Bitartrate of Potassium, in very fine powder, two parts 2 

Rub them together until they are thoroughly mixed. 

* Pulvis Morphiae Compositus. Compound Powder of Morphia. 

Syn. Tully's Powder. 

Take of Sulphate of Morphia, one part 1 

Camphor, twenty parts 20 

Liquorice Root, in fine powder, twenty parts ... 20 
Precipitated Carbonate of Calcium, twenty parts . . 20 

Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Triturate the Camphor with a little Alcohol and afterwards with the pow- 
dered Liquorice Root and Precipitated Carbonate of Calcium, until a uniform 
powder results. Then rub the Sulphate of Morphia with this powder, gra- 
dually added, until the whole is thoroughly mixed. 

"" Should be introduced into the U. S. Ph. 

Pulvis Rhei Compositus. Compound Powder of Rhubarb. 

Take of Rhubarb, in very fine powder, two parts .... 2 

Magnesia, six parts 6 

Ginger, in very fine powder, one part . . . . 1 

Rub them together until they are thoroughly mixed. 



116 

Pyrethrum. — * Pycnanthemum (?). 

Pyroxylon. Pyroxylon. Colloxylon. Soluble Gun Cotton. 

Take of Cotton, freed from impurities, one part .... 1 

Nitric Acid, seven parts 7 

Sulphuric Acid, eight parts . . . . . . . 8 

Mix the acids gradually, in a porcelain or glass vessel, and when the 
temperature of the mixture has fallen to 32° C. (=90° F.), add the Cotton ; by 
means of a glass rod imbue it thoroughly with the acid, and allow it to 
macerate for 15 hours, then transfer it to a larger vessel, and wash it, first 
with cold water until the washings cease to have an acid taste, and then with 
boiling water. Drain the cotton on filtering paper, and dry it by means of a 
water-bath. 

If acids of the proper strength cannot be easily obtained, use for one part 
of Cotton, Nitric Acid of the spec. gr. 1.382 to 1.390, eight parts ; and Sul- 
phuric Acid of the spec. gr. 1.833, twenty parts, and proceed as directed. 
1 The Germ. Pharrn. Rep. recommends the following: 
Sulphuric Acid, spec. gr. 1.830 . . . .800 parts 

Nitric Acid, spec. gr. 1.380 .... 400 " 

Cotton 45 to 50 " 

Mix the acids and cool them to 20° C. (=68* F.), then introduce the cotton and 
imbue it thoroughly with the acid. Let stand for 48 hours, then wash the cotton 
thoroughly with water and dry. The yield is about 65 parts.— Compare note to 
Collodium. 

Quassia. — Quercus Alba. — Quercus Tinctoria. — * Quinia (?). — * Quiniae Hydro- 
bromas.— Quinise * Hydrochloras (instead of Murias).—* Quiniae Sali- 
cylas. 

Quiniae Sulphas. 

The Test of Sulphate of Quinia. 
(By Prof. Alb. B. Prescott.) 

We have for consideration, (1) Kerner's test, as it is in the German Phar- 
macopoeia, or with some modification in the manipulation, the means of 
separation being only water and ammonia ;f (2) Paul's modification of Kerner's 
test, given in Attfield's Chemistry ; \ (3) Hesse's test,§ in the main a modifica- 
tion of Kerner's — both Paul's and Hesse's requiring the use of water, ammonia, 
and ether. 

Kerner's test, as originally given, and given unchanged in the German 
Pharmacopoeia, may be directed as follows : Twenty cc. of distilled water, 

t See reference at p. 29, Am. Jour. Phar., xxxiv., 426. Also, New Rem. (1877), vi. 136, and 
(1878) vii., 108. 

X Am. Ed. of 1879, p. 605; also, Phar. Jour, and Trans. [3], vii., 653, 672 (Feb., 1877); Pro. 
Am. Phar. Asso., 1877, xxv., 304. Given as a substitute for the Br. Ph. test. 

§ Am. Jour. Phar., li., 135 (Mar., 1879); New Rem., viii., 139 (May, 1879), 179 (June, 1879). 






117 

at 15° C. , are agitated with two grammes of quinia sulphate ; the mixture is 
macerated half an hour at the same temperature and then filtered, and to five 
cc. of the filtrate, in a test-tube, seven cc. of water of ammonia [of not more 
than 0.96 sp. gr.], cautiously added, so as to mix the liquids as little as possible. 
On gently, turning the test-tube, closed by the finger, there should be formed, 
either immediately or after a short time, a clear liquid. 

Fluckiger, in his late valuable work,f gives this as the cardinal test of 
quinia sulphate for other cinchona alkaloids. He treats one gramme quinia 
sulphate with ten cc. of water, at 15° C, and proceeds as above. As a closer 
exclusion of quinidia sulphate, the same author directs to treat another five cc. 
of the filtrate (obtained in the same way) with a few drops of alcoholic solution 
of potassium iodide, a precipitate indicating quinidia. Also, Fluckiger directs 
another test in guarding against both quinidia and cinchonidia, as follows : 
One gramme of dried quinia sulphate is treated with 15 cc. of alcohol-free 
[water- washed] chloroform, at 15° C, and 10 cc. of the nitrate are evaporated 
to dryness [in a weighed dish]. The residue should not weigh over 0.035 
gramme % (test for quinidia and cinchonia). The residue of sulphate undissolved 
by the chloroform, after evaporation of chloroform, is treated with 10 cc. of 
water, in Kemer's test as above, for cinchonidia. 

My own recommendation, for the pharmacopoeia, with my present 
information, is for Kerner's test. Some have reported it as too strict, liable 
to give a false indication of foreign alkaloids, from an imperceptible variation 
in the strength of the ammonia water or variation in the manipulation. If 
this is true, the quantity of the ammonia water should be increased, perhaps 
to 8 cc. instead of 7. 

* Quiniae Tannas (?). — Quiniae Valerianas. — * Quinidia (?). 

* Quinidiae Sulphas. 

The Test of Sulphate of Quinidia. 

(By Prof. Alb. B. Prescott.) 

The precipitation by potassium iodide, testing the filtrate with ammonia as 
directed by Hesse, § and independantly by De Vrij,|| is a most satisfactory test 
for general use, and I presume nothing else will be thought of for the phar- 
macopoeia. Hesse gives it in brief directions as follows : 0.5 gramme with 
0.5 gramme of pure potassium iodide [not alkaline to test paper], are agitated 

t Pharmaceutische Chemie, 1879, i., 419. 

X The residue should not weigh over about 0.015, if the quinia sulphate were chemically 
pure, as chloroform dissolves 0.001 of its weight of the salt. The mere presence of quinidia and 
cinchonia sulphates, however, materially increases the chloroform solubility of quinia sul- 
phate, as shown by the writer's report last year (Pro. Am. Phar., 1S78, 834). I presume the 
0.035, of Fluckiger, is a practical conclusion from sufficient experiment. 

§ Liebig's Annalen, vol. 176, p. 322 (1875), Archiv der Pharmacie, 1878, 495. 

| Phar. Jour. Trans. [3], viii. 745 (Mar. 23d, 1878); Pro. Am. Phar. Asso., 1878, xxvi. 582; Am. 
Jour. Phar., 1., 304, June, 1878; New Rem., vii., 148, May, 1878. 



118 

with 10 cc. of. hot water (about 60° C), and after an hour, with frequent 
agitation, filtered. The filtrate treated with a drop or two of water of ammo- 
nia, should not be made turbid [more than slightly turbid]. 

De Vrij dissolves one part of the salt in fifty of hot water, adds one-half 
part potassium iodide, and after some hours filters and adds ammonia, when 
only slight turbidity should ensue. The precipitate should be sandy, not 
resinous (which would indicate cinchonidia, or cinchonia, or both). 

Ranunculus (d). — Resina. — * Resina Copaibae. — * Resina Elastica (India 
Rubber; see Empl. Resince Elasticce.) 

Resina Jalapae. Resin of Jalap. 

Take of Jalap, in fine powder, ten parts 10 

Alcohol (" Stronger Ale"), a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 
Water, a sufficient quantity ....... q. s. 

Moisten the Jalap with about one-fourth of its weight of Alcohol, 
pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator, and gradually pour upon it 

Alcohol, ten parts 10 

When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower 
orifice with a cork, and having closely covered the percolator, to prevent 
evaporation, set it aside in a moderately warm place for 4 days. Then, 
having removed the cork, gradually pour Alcohol upon the surface, and 
continue the percolation until the percolate weighs twenty parts . . 20 
[or until the percolate ceases to produce turbidity when dropped into 
water]. Distil off the alcohol, by means of a water-bath, until the tinc- 
ture is reduced to four parts 4 

and add it, with constant stirring, to Water, ninety parts . . . .90 
When the precipitate has subsided, decant the supernatant liquid, and 
wash the precipitate twice by decantation, with fresh portions of Water. 
Place it upon a strainer, and having pressed out the liquid, dry the Resin 
with a gentle heat. 

N.B. — The directions, inclosed in brackets, need be followed only 
when the process is used for assaying jalap. 

T The proportions are nearly the same as those of the present formula. The Germ. 
Pharrn. Rep. adds the following charcteristics: 1 part of the resin is soluble in 50 parts 
of warm water of ammonia. On cooling, the solution does not gelatinize, and remains 
clear, after being supersaturated with acids. If the ammoniacal solution is at once 
evaporated, the residue is soluble in water. The resin is insoluble in bisulphide of 
carbon (Fliickiger). Compare Extractum Jalapce. 

Resina Podophylli. Resin of May-apple. 

Take of May-apple, in fine powder, one hundred parts . . 100 

Hydrochloric acid, one part 1 

Alcohol (" Strong. Ale"), a sufficient quantity . q. s. 

Water, a sufficient. quantity q. s. 



119 

Moisten the May-apple with about one-fourth of its weight of Alco- 
hol, pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator, and gradually pour upon it 

Alcohol, one hundred parts 100 

When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the orifice with 
a cork, and having closely covered the percolator, to prevent evapora- 
tion, let it stand in a moderately warm place for 4 days. Then, having 
removed the cork, gradually pour Alcohol upon the surface, until the 

percolate amounts to one hundred parts 100 

Distil off the Alcohol, by means of a water-bath, until the tincture is re- 
duced to the consistence of honey, and pour it, under constant stirring, 

slowly into Water, one hundred parts 100 

previously cooled to a temperature below 10° C. (=50° F.), and mixed 
with the Hydrochloric Acid. When the precipitate has subsided, decant 
the supernatant liquid, and wash the precipitate twice, by decantation, 
with fresh portions of cold Water. Then place it upon a strainer, press 
out the liquid, and dry the resin by exposure to the atmosphere in a cool 
place. 

*I This formula has been reconstructed according to the recommendations of Mr. 
J. U. Lloyd. See Proceed. Amer. Pharni. Assoc, vol. 26, 767. New Remedies, 1879, 262. 

Resina Scammonii. Resin of Scammony. 

Take of Scammony, in fine powder, ten parts .... 10 

Alcohol (" Strong. Ale"), a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Digest the Scammony with successive portions of boiling Alcohol, 
until exhausted. Mix the tinctures, and reduce the liquid to a syrupy 
consistence by distilling off the alcohol. Then add the residue to 

Water, twenty-five parts 25 

separate the precipitate formed, wash it thoroughly with Water, and dry 
it with a gentle heat. 

Rheum. — Rhus Glabra (not glabruni). — Rosa Centifolia. — Rosa Gallica. — 
Rosmarinus. — Rottlera (d; see Kamala). — Rubia. (d). — Rubus. — * Rubus 
Idaeus. — Rumex. — Ruta (d). — Sabadilla — Sabbatia (d). — Sabina. — Sac- 
charum. — Saccharum Lactis. — Sago (d; see Avence Farina). — *Salicinum. 
— Salix (df). — Salvia. — Sambucus. — Sanguinaria. — Santalum. — San- 
tonica. — Santoninum. — Sapo. 

"I Should be specified to be free from mineral matters. Only the white variety (of 
Castile Soap) should be used. 

* Sapo Viridis.— Sarsaparilla.— Sassafras.— Sassafras Medulla (d). 

* Saturationes. Saturations. 

% This is a class of preparations suggested by Prof. C. Lewis Diehl, as eventual 
substitutes for Fluid Extracts, if it should be decided that the latter class of prepara- 



120 

tions are too concentrated, either to hold all the useful constituents of the drug in 
solution, or to be prepared without risking loss of some of the constituents. These 
• saturations might be of half the strength of the present Fluid Extracts. See Proceed. 
Amer. Pharm. Assoc, vol. 27. 

Scammonium.— Scilla.— Scoparius.— Scutellaria (d).— Senega.— Senna. 

* Sericum. (Silk) Taffeta. 

1 For preparing the following, if it is considered proper to introduce such prepa- 
rations into the U. S. Ph. 

* Sericum Gelatinae. Gelatin Plaster. Court Plaster. 

Take of Gelatin, one part 1 

Tincture of Benzoin, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Water, twelve parts 12 

Taffeta, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Dissolve the Gelatin in the water. Spread a piece of Taffeta on a level 
surface, and coat it with a layer of Tincture of Benzoin. When this is dry, 
reverse the Taffeta, and apply to the other side the Gelatin solution in five or 
six successive layers, waiting after each application until the layer is dry. 

* Sericum Ichthyocollae. • Isinglass Plaster. 

Take of Isinglass, ten parts . .10 

Alcohol, forty parts 40 

Glycerin, one part 1 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Tincture of Benzoin, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 
Taffeta, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Dissolve the Isinglass in sufficient hot Water to make the solution 

weigh one hundred and twenty parts 120 

Spread one-half of this upon the Taffeta, stretched on a level surface, 
in successive layers, waiting after each application until the layer is 
dry. Mix the second half of the Isinglass solution with the Alcohol and 
Glycerin, and apply it in the same manner. Then reverse the Taffeta, 
and coat it on the back with a layer of Tincture of Benzoin. Finally dry it. 

Substituting gramme (or 15.5 grains) for part, the above quantities 
are sufficient to cover a piece of Taffeta 42 centimetres (16| inch.) long, 
and 35 centimetres (13| inch.) wide. 

Serpentaria. — Sesamum. — Sevum. — Simaruba (d). — Sinapis Alba. — Sinapis 
Nigra. — Soda. — Sodii Acetas. — Sodii Arsenias. 

* Sodii Benzoas. Benzoate of Sodium. 

Take of Carbonate of Sodium, in crystals, twelve parts ... 12 
Benzoic Acid, a sufficient quantity . . . . . q. s. 
Water, thirty-six parts 36 



121 

Dissolve the Carbonate of Sodium in the Water, heat the solution to 
the boiling point, and having reserved a small quantity of the solution, 
saturate the remainder as nearly as possible with a sufficient quantity 

of Benzoic Acid, about ten parts 10 

Should the solution be acid, add a sufficient amount of the reserved alka- 
line solution. Then filter, and evaporate the filtrate in a porcelain cap- 
sule, on the water-bath, to dryness, 

IT The Germ. Pharm. Rep. adds: A white powder consisting of effloresced crys- 
tals, having a faint odor of benzoin, but none recalling that of urine or of oil of bitter 
almonds. 

Sodii Bicarbonas. — Sodii Bicarbonas Venalis. — Sodii Boras. — *Sodii Bro- 
midum. 

1 The Germ. Pharm. Rep. adds: A white crystalline powder, soluble in IX parts 
of cold water, also in alcohol. It is unalterable in the air ; and imparts an intense 
yellow color to an alcohol -flame. A solution of 1 gramme in 20 gm. of water must 
not be altered, inside of 2 minutes, by 5 drops of a (volumetric) solution of barium 
nitrate. Neither sulphuretted hydrogen nor sulphide of ammonium should produce 
a precipitate in its aqueous solution; nor should the latter be colored yellow by 
diluted sulphuric acid. On mixing the aqueous solution with recently boiled solution 
of starch, and afterwards adding chlorine water, no blue zone is developed. 

Sodii Carbonas. — Sodii Carbonas Exsiccata. — * Sodii Chloras. — Sodii Chlori- 
dum. — Sodii Hypophosphis. — Sodii Hyposulphis. — * Sodii Iodidum. — 
Sodii Nitras. — Sodii Phosphas. — * Sodii Salicylas. 

f Small white crystalline scales, soluble in equal parts of cold water, less soluble 
in alcohol, very little in ether. An aqueous solution of 1 in 10 should have a faintly 
acid reaction, and should yield a red-brown color with solution of chloride of iron. 
In its aqueous solution, addition of hydrochloric acid produces a copious precipitate, 
which may be completely dissolved by shaking with ether. Solution of barium 
nitrate does not disturb the aqueous solution. A sample of the solution, mixed with 
enough alcohol to prevent the production of a precipitate by the addition of nitric 
acid, is not rendered turbid by nitrate of silver (Schering). — Germ. Pharm. Rep. 

Sodii Sulphas.— Sodii Sulphis.— * Sodii Sulphocarbolas. — Solidago (d). — 
Spigelia. — Spiraea. 

Spiritus iEtheris Compositus. Compound Spirit of Ether. 

Take of Ether, thirty paints 30 

Alcohol (" Stronger Alcohol "), sixty-seven parts . . 67 

Ethereal Oil, three parts 3 

Mix them. 

1 The proportions of the U. S. Ph., by weight, are: Ether, 27; Alcohol, 61; Eth. 
Oil, 3 parts; or, Ether, 30; Alcohol, 66.6; Eth. Oil, 3.3 per cent. 

Spiritus iEtheris Nitrosi. Spirit of Nitrous Ether. 

Take of Nitric Acid, twenty parts 20 

Sulphuric Acid, sixteen parts 16 



122 



Copper, in form of wire or clippings, ten parts . . . 10 
Saturated Solution of Chloride of Calcium, 

a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Alcohol (" Stronger Alcohol "), a sufficient quantity . q. s. 

Add the Sulphuric Acid gradually to Alcohol, seventy parts . . 70 
When the mixture has become cool, pour it into a glass or stone-ware 
retort, connected with a Liebig's condenser, add the Copper, and of the 

Nitric Acid, eighteen parts 18 

Then cautiously apply heat, and distil forty-eight parts .... 48 
at a temperature not exceeding 82.2° C. (=180° F.). Remove the heat, 
let the contents of the retort cool to 32.2° C. (=90° F.), add the remainder 
of the Nitric Acid (two parts), and distil, in the same manner as before, 

seven parts 7 

Add the distillate to its own bulk of a Saturated Solution of Chloride of 
Calcium, and agitate cautiously. Separate, by means of a separating 

funnel, the lower solution, and to every five parts 5 

of the remaining ethereal liquid immediately add 

Alcohol, ninety-five parts .......... 95 

1 Th : s formula has been reconstructed mainly on the basis of the process recom- 
mended by Air. J. U. Lloyd. 

The spec. grav. of this preparation, which contains 5% of nitrous ether, is 0.835. Mr. 
L. Dohme has calculated the formula of the present U. S. Ph. into parts by weight, as 
. follows: 



Spts. JEtheris Nitrosi. 


Orig. Formula 


Exact weight. 


Approximation. 


Nitric Acid 


4M troy I 


2,160 grs. 


21.6 20 


Stronger Alcohol 


. 112 fl.5 


41,697 " 


417 400 


Sulphuric Acid 


. SM troy 5 


1,680 " 


17 16 


Copper .... 


2 troy 3 


960 " 


10 10 


ifferent Steps of the Process. 








Alcohol .... 


20 fl.5 


7,445 " 


74 70 


Nitric Acid, 1st addition 


. 4 troy I 


1,920 " 


19 18 


Nitric Acid, 2d edition . 


■ Vz troy I 




2.6 2 


Distillate, No. 1 . 


.13 fl. 1 


4,858 " 


48 48 


Distillate, No. 2 


2 fl.5 


747 " 


.7 7 



Spiritus Ammoniae. 

Take of Alcohol, forty-five part 



Spirit of Ammonia. 

.".... 45 
Stronger Water of Ammonia, one hundred parts . . 100 

Pour the Stronger Water of Ammonia into a flask, provided with a safety- 
funnel, and connected with a well-cooled receiver, into which the Alcohol is 
introduced. Heat the flask carefully and gradually, between 40 and 60° C. 
(=104° and 140° F.), until the specific gravity of the Alcohol has been reduced 
to 0.808-0.810. The product contains about 10 n of ammoniacal gas (NH S ). 

When diluted with water, it behaves towards reagents the same as Water 
of Ammonia. 

It should be preserved in glass-stoppered bottles. 



123 

1 This is an improvement of the present process. The Alcohol in Spiritus Ammo- 
niae has heretofore been that of spec. gr. 0.830. If this is to be retained, and the term 
"Alcohol" hereafter made to denote the present "Stronger Alcohol," the above 
formula will need slight modification, in order to reduce the alcohol. 

Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus. Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia. 

Take of Carbonate of Ammonium, forty parts 40 

Water of Ammonia, one hundred par ts .... 100 

Oil of Lemon, nine parts 9 

Oil of Nutmeg, three parts . . . . ' . . . .3 

Oil of Lavender, one part 1 

Oil of Pimento, one part . . . . ■ ■ . . .1 
Alcohol (" Stronger Ale."), seven hundred parts . . 700 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Dissolve the Carbonate of Ammonium in the Water of Ammonia, 
previously mixed with Water, one hundred and thirty parts . . 130 

Dissolve the Oils in the Alcohol, mix the two solutions, and add sufficient 
Water to make the product weigh one thousand parts .... 1000 
Filter, if necessary, through paper, in a well-covered funnel. 

f In practice, it will be found a rare occurrence to dbtain a perfectly limpid solu- 
tion. With proper care, filtration may be performed without loss. The addition of 
Oil of Pimento is a decided improvement, as it helps to cover the sharp flavor of the 
Oil of Nutmeg. The spec. grav. of the above spirit is 0.885. Substituting grammes 
for parts, the product will measure ab. 1130 cc, or 3SM A. 1 . 

Present Formula. Approximations. 

Carb. Amm. . 1 % 480 grs. 37 40 

Water Amm. . . 3 fl. 5 1,312 " 100 100 

Oil Lemon. . 2^ fl. 3 121 " 9 9 

" Nutmeg 40 ill 35 " 3 3 

" Lavender 15 m 13 " 1 1 

Alcohol . . . 24 fl. 5 9,132 " 700 700 

Water, q. s. to make . 4.227 fl. 1 1,926 " 150 146 



1,000 1,000 

Including Oil of Pimento, 1 part. 



Spiritus Anisi. 



Spirit of Anise. 



Take of Oil of Anise, ten parts 

Alcohol (''Stronger Alcohol"), ninety parts 

Dissolve the Oil in the Alcohol. 

« 

1 The strength has been raised to \Q% (see Note to Spir. Menth. Pip.). 



10 
90 



Present Formula. 






App 


roximatic 


Oil Anise 


1 fl.5 


456 grs. 


4 


6.8 


Strong. Alcohol . 


. 15 fl.5 


5,584 " 


55 


93.2 



100.0 



124 

Spiritus Camphorae. Spirit of Camphor. 

Take of Camphor, one part 1 

Alcohol ("Stronger Ale"), six parts .... 6 

Dissolve the Camphor in the Alcohol. 

1 This is the nearest proportion in which the present strength of this preparation 
can be expressed in parts by weight. The formula of the present U. S. Ph. is : 

Original Form. Exact Weight. Approximation. Per Cent. 

Camphor . . 4 troy I 1,920 grs. 13.62 7 14 

Alcohol . . 32 fl. 1 12,176 " 86.37 43 86 



99.99 100 

It would be preferable to adopt a strength of 10$, which is sufficiently strong for 
all medicinal purposes, and which may be prepared after the pattern of the formula 
contained in the Germ. Pharm., namely: 
Take of Camphor, one part ......... 1 

Alcohol (" Stronger Alcohol "), seven parts . .... 7 

Distilled Water, two parts ........ 2 

Dissolve the Camphor in the Alcohol, then add the Water. 

* Spiritus Cari. Spirit of Caraway. 

Take of Oil of Caraway, two parts . 2 

Alcohol ("Stronger Ale"), ninety-eight parts . . . 98 

Dissolve the Oil in the Alcohol. 

1> This preparation is added for the reason that it will be awkward to construct a 
formula for Spiritus Juniperi Co. in parts by weight, and directing essential oils, as 
the latter are present in so small a quantity. It was thought better, therefore to 
introduce a Spiritus Cari, and Spiritus Fceniculi : preparations, which are also much 
used in practice by themselves. 

Spiritus Chloroformi. Spirit of Chloroform. 

Take of Purified Chloroform, one par t 1 

Alcohol (Stronger Ale), nine parts 9 

Dissolve the Chloroform in the Alcohol. 

Present Formula. Approximation. 

Chloroform . . 1 troy I 480 grs. 5 10 

Alcohol . . 12 fl. I 4,566 " 45 90 

100 

Spiritus Cinnamomi. Spirit of Cinnamon. 

Take of Oil of [Ceylon] Cinnamon, ten parts 10 

Alcohol ("Stronger Alcohol"), ninety parts, ... 90 

Dissolve the Oil in the Alcohol. 

1 The strength has been raised from 8 to 10#. See note to Spir. Menth. Pip. The 
present strength is : 
Oil Cinnamon . . 1 fl. I 471.54 grs. 7,786 8 8 

Stronger Alcohol . 15 fl. I 5,584.47 " 92,210 92 92 

99,996 100 



125 

* Spiritus Fceniculi. Spirit of Fennel. 

Take of Oil of Fennel, two parts . 2 

Alcohol ("Stronger Alcohol"), ninety-eight parts . . 98 

Dissolve the Oil in the Alcohol. 

•" This preparation is added for the same reason as in the case of Spiritus Cari; 
see the note to the latter. 

Spiritus Frumenti. 

* Spiritus Jasmini. Spirit of Jasmine. 

Ill a, formula for making this should be made officinal (for Cologne), deodorized 
alcohol would have to be introduced likewise. 

Spiritus Juniperi. Spirit of Juniper. 

Take of Oil of Juniper, two parts 2 

Alcohol ("Stronger Ale"), ninety-eight parts . . . 98 

Dissolve the Oil in the Alcohol. 
1 Same strength as at present. 

Spiritus Juniperi Compositus. Compound Spirit of Juniper. 

Take of Spirit of Juniper, eight parts 8 

Spirit of Caraway, one part 1 

Spirit of Fennel, one part 1 

Alcohol (Stronger Ale), fifty parts 50 

Water, forty parts 40 

H It being inconvenient to construct a formula in parts by weight containing 
the essential oils, the spirits were substituted for the latter. The exact proportions of 
% the formula would in this case be : 

Spirit of Juniper . . . 7.25 parts. 

Spirit of Caraway . . . 0.80 " 

Spirit of Fennel . . . 0.85 " 

Alcohol . . . . 52.917 " 

Water 38.183 " 

The nearest round numbers approaching these values are given above. 

Spiritus Lavandulae. Spirit of Lavender. 

Take of Oil of Lavender, two parts 2 

Alcohol (" Stronger Ale"), ninety-eight parts . . . 98 

Dissolve the Oil in the Alcohol. 
H Same strength as at present. 

Spiritus Lavandulae Compositus. Compound Spirit of Lavender. 

Take of Oil of Lavender, four parts 4 

Oil of Rosemary, one part 1 



126 

Cinnamon, in moderately fine powder, nine parts . . 9 

Cloves, in moderately fine powder, two parts ... 2 

Nutmeg, in moderately fine powder, five parts ... 5 

Red Saunders, in moderately fine powder, four parts . 4 

Alcohol (" Stronger Ale."), three hundred and forty parts 340 

Water, one hundred and thirty-five parts . . . . 135 

Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Dissolve the Oils in the Alcohol and add the Water. Then mix the pow- 
ders, and having moistened the mixture with a sufficient quantity of the 
alcoholic solution of the Oils, pack it firmly in a conical percolator, and grad- 
ually pour upon it the remainder of the alcoholic solution, and afterwards 
Diluted Alcohol until the percolate amounts to five hundred parts . . 500 



1 The spec. 


grav. 


of the spirit of the pi 


■esent U. S. I 


( h. is about 0.874 


. That of the 


above preparation is 


about 0.848. 








Present Formula. 








Approximation. 


Oil Lavender 




1 fl. oz. 


405 


0.755 


8 


Oil Rosemary 




2 " dr. 


102 


0.190 


2 


Cinnamon 




2 troy oz. 


960 


1.789 


18 


Cloves 




M " 


240 


0.447 


4 


Nutmeg 




1 " 


480 


0.894 


9 


Red Saunders 




360 grs. 


360 


0.670 


7 


Alcohol 




. 96 fl. oz. 


36,528 


68.079 


680 


Water 




32 fl. oz. 


14,579 


27.172 


272 



1000 



Spiritus Limonis. 



Spirit of Lemon. 



Take of Oil of Lemon, six parts 

Lemon Peel, freshly grated, four parts .... 
Alcohol (" Stronger Alcohol "), a sufficient quantity . 

Dissolve the Oil in Alcohol, ninety-four parts 

add the Lemon Peel, macerate for twenty-four hours, filter through 
paper, and pass enough Alcohol through the filter to make the filtrate 
weigh one hundred parts . 



Present Formula. 
Oil Lemon 
Lemon Peel . 
Stronger Alcohol 



2 fl. 1 776.22 gr. 

1 troy ounce 480.00 " 

32 fl. I 11,913.54 " 



6 

4 

q. s. 

94 



100 



Approximation per cent. 
8 6.015 

5 3.759 

120 90.225 



Spiritus Menthae Piperitae. 

Take of Oil of Peppermint, ten parts 

Peppermint, in coarse powder, one part 
Alcohol (" Stronger Ale"), a sufficient quantity 



Spirit of Peppermint. 

. 10 

1 

. q. s. 



Dissolve the Oil in Alcohol, ninety parts 90 

add the Peppermint, and macerate for 24 hours. Then filter through 



127 

paper, and pass enough Alcohol through the Peppermint on the filter 

to make the filtrate weigh one hundred parts 100 

T" The proportion of Oil of Peppermint has been increased from 6.4$ to 10$; the 
latter strength is that long in use in Germany, etc. The same alteration has been 
made in the formulae of Spiritus Menthce Viridis, Spir. Anisi, and Spir. Cinnamomi. 

Spiritus Menthae Viridis. Spirit of Spearmint 

Take of Oil of Spearmint, ten parts 10 

Spearmint, in coarse powder, one part .... 1 

Alcohol ("Stronger Ale"), a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Dissolve the Oil in Alcohol, ninety parts 90 

add the Spearmint, and macerate for 24 hours. Then filter through 
paper, and pass enough Alcohol through the Spearmint on the filter to 
make the filtrate weigh one hundred parts 100 

H The strengh has been raised to 10$ See note to Spiritus Menth. Pip. 

Spiritus Myrciae. 

Spiritus Myristicae. Spirit of Nutmeg. 

Take of Oil of Nutmeg, two parts 2 

Alcohol ("Stronger Ale"), ninety-eight parts . . . 98 

Dissolve the Oil in the Alcohol. 

T Same strength as at present. 

* Spiritus Odoratus. , Cologne. 

I; During the discussion of the subject of Cologne, at the meeting of the Amer. 
Pharm. Association, held at Toronto in 1877 (see Proceedings, vol. 25, p. 546), it*was 
generally conceded that a formula for Cologne should be made officinal. At the same 
time it was pointed out that in order to render it more grateful and refreshing for the 
sick, one of its ingredients should be acetic ether. For the present it is left undecided 
what particular formula for Cologne should be adopted. If a working formula is 
given, the single constituents will have to be introduced, if not already officinal, in 
their appropriate places in the U. S. Ph. Compare Adeps Jasmini, Alcohol Deodora- 
tum, Oleum Aurantii Florum, Jasminum, Spiritus Jasmini. 

Statice (d). — Stillingia. — Stramonii Folia. — Stramonii Semen. — Strychnia. — 
* Strychniae Acetas.— Strychniae Sulphas.— Styrax. 

Succi. Juices. 

T The expressed juice of fresh plants is to be mixed with alcohol, allowed to stand 
for seven days, and then to be filtered. 

The proportions to be used are the following : 

Fresh Juice, four parts ........ 4 

Alcohol, one part ......... 1 

Taking into consideration the specific gravity of the alcohol and the average spec, 
grav. of the expressed juices, the above represents very nearly a proportion by mea- 
sure of three parts of juice and one part of alcohol. The only two juices which are 



128 

at present officinal are those of Conium and of Taraxacum. These are directed by 
our Pharm. to be prepared from five volumes of juice and one volume of alcohol. 
Now, so far as known, these preparations are not made in the U. S., but are imported 
from England, where they are made according to the Brit. Pharm., from three volumes 
of juice and one volume of alcohol. It seems, therefore, to be preferable to adopt 
this strength also in the U. S. Ph. 

* Succus Belladonna. Juice of Belladonna. 

Take of Fresh Belladonna Leaves and Young Branches, a con- 
venient quantity q. s. 

Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Bruise the Belladonna in a stone-mortar and press out the juice. Mix 

of this juice four parts 4 

with Alcohol, one part 1 

set it aside for seven days, filter, and keep the product in a cool place. 

Succus Conii. — * Succus Hyoscyami. — Succus Taraxaci. 

1 These three are to be prepared by the same process as the preceding. 

Sulphur Lotum. 

Sulphur Praecipitatum. Precipitated Sulphur, 

Take of Sublimed Sulphur, one hundred parts 100 

Lime, one hundred and fifty parts 150 

Hydrochloric" Acid, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 
Water, a sufficient quantity . . . • . q. s. 

* Pour sufficient "Water on the Lime to slake it, and having mixed 
the Sulphur with it, add to the mixture Water, nineteen hundred parts . 1900 
then boil for two hours, occasionally adding Water to replace that lost by 
evaporation, and filter. Dilute the filtered liquid with an equal volume 
of Water, and drop into it Hydrochloric Acid, a sufficient quantity . q. s. 

as long as a precipitate is produced. Lastly, wash the Precipitated Sul- 
phur repeatedly with Water until the washings are nearly tasteless, and 
dry it. 

Sulphur Sublimatum.— Sulphuris Iodidum. 

f The latter to be prepared by the same process as at present. 

* Sumbul. 

Suppositoria. ' Suppositories. 

U The general formula given in the present U. S. Ph. is quite satisfactory and 
should be retained. Working quantities have been added as in the case of pills (see 
Pilulce). 



129 

Suppositoria Acidi Carbolici. Suppositories of Carbolic Acid. 

Take of Carbolic Acid, twelve parts 12 

Oil of Theobroma, three hundred and forty-eight parts . 348 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the Carbolic Acid, previously dissolved in a few drops of Water, 
thoroughly with Oil of Theobroma, sixty parts . . - . . . .60 
and then, having melted the remainder of the Oil of Theobroma, proceed 
according to the directions given in the general formula, and divide the 
mass into such a number of suppositories, that each will contain 6 centi- 
grammes (0.06 gm ) or 1 grain of Carbolic Acid. 

Substituting decigramme for part, the mass will make 20 suppositories. 

Substituting grain for part, the mass will make 12 suppositories. 

% It is recommended to repeat all the directions in each formula. To save space 
this is not done here. 

Suppositoria Acidi Tannici. Suppositories of Tannic Acid. 

Take of Tannic Acid, sixty parts . . . .. . .60 

Oil of Theobroma, three hundred parts .... 300 

Mix the Tannic Acid thoroughly with Oil of Theobroma, sixty parts 60 
and then, having melted the remainder of the Oil of Theobroma, proceed 
according to the directions given in the general formula, and divide the 
mass into such a number of suppositories, that each will contain 30 centi- 
grammes (0.30 gm.) or 5 grains of Tannic Acid. 

Substituting decigramme for part, the mass will make 20 suppositories. 

Substituting grain for part, the mass will make 12 suppositories. 

Suppositoria Aloes. Suppositories of Aloes. 

Take of Purified Aloes, in very fine powder, sixty parts ... 60 
Oil of Theobroma, three hundred parts .... 300 

Mix the Aloes thoroughly with Oil of Theobroma, sixty parts . . 60 
and then, having, etc., etc. (as before), . . . and divide the mass into 
such a number of suppositories, that each will contain 30 centigrammes 
(0.30 gm.) or 5 grains of Purified Aloes. 

Substituting decigramme for part, the mass will make 20 suppositories. 

Substituting grain for part, the mass will make 12 suppositories. 

Suppositoria Asafcetidae. Suppositories of Asafcetida. 

Take of Tincture of Asafcetida, four hundred parts .... 400 
Oil of Theobroma, three hundred and twenty parts . 320 

Expose the Tincture to the air, in a porcelain capsule, in a moderately 
warm place, and allow it to evaporate spontaneously until reduced to the 
consistence of a thick syrup. Mix this thoroughly with 
Oil of Theobroma, sixty parts 60 



130 

and then, having, etc., etc. (as before), . . . and divide the mass into 
such a number of suppositories, that each will represent 2 grammes (2 
gm.) or 32 grains of Tincture of Asafoetida. 

Substituting decigramme for part, the mass will make 20 suppositories. 

Substituting grain for part, the mass will make 12 suppositories. 

H 1 fl. oz. of Tinct. of Asafoetida weighs ab. 413 grains. 

Suppositoria Belladonnae. Suppositories of Belladonna. 

Take of Alcoholic Extract of Belladonna, six parts .... 6 
Oil of Theobroma, three hundred and fifty-four parts . 354 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Having rubbed the Extract of Belladonna into a smooth paste, with 
the addition of a very small quantity of Water, mix it thoroughly with 

Oil of Theobroma, sixty parts 60 

and then, having, etc., etc. (as before), . . . and divide the mass into 
such a number of suppositories, that each will contain 3 centigrammes 
(0.03 gm.) or \ grain of Alcoholic Extract of Belladonna. 

Substituting decigramme for part, the mass will make 20 suppositories. 

Substituting grain for part, the mass will make 12 suppositories. 

* Suppositoria Iodoformi. Suppositories of Iodoform. 

Take of Iodoform, sixty parts 60 

Oil of Theobroma, three hundred parts .... 300 

Mix the Iodoform thoroughly with Oil of Theobroma, sixty parts . 60 
and then, having, etc., etc. (as before), . . . and divide the mass into 
such a number of suppositories, that each will contain 30 centigrammes 
(0.30 gm.) or 5 grains of Iodoform. 

Substituting decigramme for part, the mass will make 20 suppositories. 

Substituting grain for part , the mass will make 12 suppositories. 

Suppositoria Morphiae. Suppositories of Morphia. 

Take of Sulphate of Morphia, six parts . . .... 6 

Oil of Theobroma, three hundred and fifty-four parts . 354 

Mix the Sulphate of Morphia thoroughly with . 

Oil of Theobroma, sixty parts 60 

and then, having, etc., etc. (as before), . . . and divide the mass into 
such a number of suppositories, that each will contain 3 centigrammes 
(0.03 gm.) or £ grain of Sulphate of Morphia. 

Substituting decigramme for part, the mass will make 20 suppositories. 

Substituting grain for part, the mass will make 12 suppositories. 



131 

Suppositoria Opii. Suppositories of Opium. 

Take of Extract of Opium, tivelve parts 12 

Oil of Theobroma, three hundred and forty-eight parts . 348 
"Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Having rubbed the Extract of Opium into a smooth paste, with the 
addition of very little Water, mix it thoroughly with 

Oil of Theobroma, sixty parts 60 

and then, having, etc., etc. (as before), and divide the mass into such a 
number of suppositories, that each will contain 6 centigrammes (0.06 gm.) 
or 1 grain of Extract of Opium. 

Substituting decigramme for part, the mass will make 20 suppositories. 

Substituting grain for part, the mass will make 12 suppositories. 

Suppositoria Plumbi. Suppositories of Lead. 

Take of Acetate of Lead, in very fine powder, thirty-six parts . 36 
Oil of Theobroma, three hundred and tiventy-four parts 324 

Mix the Acetate of Lead thoroughly with 

Oil of Theobroma, sixty parts 60 

and then, having, etc., etc. (as before), and divide the mass into such a 
number of suppositories, that each will* contain 20 centigrammes (0.20) or 
3 grains of Acetate of Lead. 

Substituting decigramme for part, the mass will make 20 suppositories. 

Substituting grain for part, the mass will make 12 suppositories. 

Suppositoria Plumbi et Opii. Suppositories of Lead and Opium. 

Take of Acetate of Lead, in very fine powder, thirty-six parts . 36 

Extract of Opium, six parts 6 

Oil of Theobroma, three hundred and eighteen parts . . 318 

Water, a sufficient quantity . .' . . . q. s. 

Having rubbed the Acetate of Lead and Extract of Opium into a 
smooth paste, with the addition of a little Water, mix it thoroughly with 

Oil of Theobroma, sixty parts 60 

and then, having, etc., etc. (as before), and divide the mass into such a 
number of suppositories, that each will contain 20 centigrammes (0.20 
gm.) or 3 grains of Acetate of Lead and the other ingredients in propor- 
tion. 

Substituting decigramme for part, the mass will make 20 suppositories. 

Substituting grain for part, the mass will make 12 suppositories. 

Syrupi. Syrups. 

*, The Sub-Committee on Syrups recommends the cold process of preparing 
syrups. In some exceptional cases, a slight departure from this rule will be found 
advantageous, and in such cases it has been indicated in the proposed formula. The 



132 

Committee did not feel justified in recommending the process by cold percolation, 
because, unless carefully conducted, it will frequently fail in less practised hands. A 
sample formula has, however, been introduced; see Syrupus Simplex (a). 

Syrupus (see Syrupus Simplex). 

Syrupus Acaciae. Syrup of Acacia. 

Take of Gum Arabic, in pieces, one part 1 

Sugar, in coarse powder, seven parts . . . . 7 

"Water, four parts 4 

Dissolve the Gum Arabic in the Water, without heat. Then, having 
added the Sugar, dissolve it by agitation, without heat, and strain. 

T In practice, it will be found that this process consumes much time. The appli- 
cation of a gentle heat for dissolving the Sugar can hardly be objected to. 



Present Formula. 






Approximation. 


Gum Arabic . 


25. 


960 grs. 


1 1 


Sugar .... 


14 5 


6,720 " 


7 7 


Water .... 


8fl.5 


3,646 " 


3.8 4 



Syrupus Acidi Citrici. Syrup of Citric Acid. 

Take of Citric Acid, in powder, tivo parts 2 

Water, two parts 2 

Spirit of Lemon, one part 1 

Simple Syrup, two hundred and fifty-six parts . . 256 

Dissolve the Citric Acid in the Water and add the Spirit. Then add the 
solution gradually to the Syrup, contained in a bottle, shaking after each addi- 
tion, until the whole is thoroughly mixed. 

1 Instead of Oil of Lemon (as in the present U. S. Ph.), the small quantity of 
which would make the proportions of the other ingredients too unwieldy, the Spirit 
is' used in the above formula. The resulting product is fully equal, if not superior, 
to the former preparation. 

Syrupus Allii. Syrup of Garlic. 

Take of Fresh Garlic, sliced and bruised, six parts .... 6 
Sugar, in coarse powder, twenty-four parts ... 24 

Diluted Acetic Acid, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Macerate the Garlic with Diluted Acetic Acid, ten parts . . 10 

in a glass vessel for 4 days, and express the liquid. 

Mix the residue with a further quantity of the Diluted Acetic Acid, 
and again express until sufficient additional liquid has been obtained to 
make the whole, when mixed and filtered, weigh sixteen parts . . 16 
Lastly, add the Sugar to the filtrate, and dissolve by agitation, without 

heat. 

• 

1 Strength about the same as at present. 



133 

Syrupus Amygdalae. Syrup of Almond. 

Take of Sweet Almond, four parts 4 

Bitter .Almond, one part 1 

Orange Flower Water, one part 1 

Sugar, in coarse powder, eighteen parts . . . .18 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Having blanched the Almonds, rub them in a mortar to a very fine 
paste, adding during the trituration Distilled Water, one part ... 1 
and Sugar, three parts 3 

Mix Distilled Water, eleven parts 11 

with Orange Flower Water, one part 1 

and add this mixture gradually, under constant trituration, to the paste; 
then strain, and add sufficient Distilled Water to the dregs to obtain, 

after strong expression, twelve parts 12 

of strained liquid. 

Add to the latter the remainder of the Sugar, and dissolve by agita- 
tion, without heat. Lastly, strain the Syrup through muslin, and keep 
it in a cool place, in tightly corked bottles. 

1 The proportion of Sweet to Bitter Almond, which, in the present U. S. Ph. is 3 
to 1, had better be made 4 to 1, as in the Germ. Pharm. The addition of Orange 
Flower Water is a decided improvement, and has been practised for a long time in 
Europe. The preparation, if made by the above formula, is much superior to the old. 

Syrupus Aurantii Corticis (a). Syrup of Orange Peel. 

Take of Sweet Orange Peel, recently dried and in moderately fine 

powder, five parts 5 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, one part ... 1 

Sugar, in coarse powder, sixty-five parts . . .65 

Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Moisten the Orange Peel with one-fourth of its weight of Alcohol, 
introduce it into a conical percolator, and pour Alcohol upon it until the 

percolate amounts to fifteen parts 15 

Evaporate this at a temperature not exceeding 49° C. (=120° F.) to five 

parts .... 5 

add the Prec. Phosphate of Calcium, and Sugar, three parts ... 3 

and rub them together, gradually adding Water, twenty parts ... 20 
during the trituration. Then filter the liquid, and having passed suffi- 
cient Water through the filter to make the whole filtrate weigh thirty-eight 

parts 38 

dissolve in it the remainder of the Sugar by agitation, without heat, and 
strain. 

1 The strength of this Syrup is as nearly as possible the same as at present.* The 
next formula is furnished by Mr. Sheppard. 



134 
Syrupus Aurantii Corticis (6). Syrup of Orange Peel. 

Take of The fresh outer Peel of the Sweet Orange, cut fine, 

one part i 

Stronger Alcohol, one part \ 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium*, a sufficient quantity . q. s. 

Water, a sufficient quantity q, s . 

Sugar, in coarse powder, thirty parts 30 

Macerate the Orange Peel with the Alcohol for seven days. Express 
and filter. Rub the filtrate with one-fourth of its weight of Precipitated 
Phosphate of Calcium, gradually adding Water, and filter until the fil- 
trate weighs sixteen parts 16 

Lastly add the Sugar, dissolve by agitation, without heat, and strain. 

Syrupus Aurantii Florum. Syrup of Orange Flowers. 

Take of Orange Flower Water, ten parts 10 

Sugar, in coarse powder, eighteen parts . . . . 18 

Dissolve the Sugar in the Orange Flower Water by agitation without heat, 
and strain. 

1 The proportions of the present U. S. Ph. are, by weight, 19 parts of Orange 
Fl. Water and 36 parts of Sugar. The above proportions are more simple, and are 
identical with those of the Germ. Ph., and nearly so with those of the French Ph. 

* Syrupus Calcii Lactophosphatis. Syrup of Lactophosphate of Calcium. 

Take of Lactic Acid, six parts . . 6 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, five parts ... 5 

Orange Flower Water, six parts 6 

Sugar, in coarse powder, forty-Jive parts ... 45 

Hydrochloric Acid, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 
Water of Ammonia, a sufficient quantity . . q. s. 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

To the Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, contained in a suitable 

vessel, add Water, twenty parts 20 

and afterwards a sufficient quantity of Hydrochloric Acid to dissolve the 
salt. Filter the solution, and add to the filtrate, gradually, and under 
constant stirring, sufficient Waiter of Ammonia, until the latter is present 
in slight excess. Allow the precipitate to subside, pour off the superna- 
tant liquid, and add to the precipitate about twice its bulk of hot Water. 
Pour the whole on a muslin strainer, and when the liquid has run off, 
wash the residue first with hot, then with cold Water, until the washings 
are no longer precipitated, or 1 at most only made opalescent, by an acid 
solution of nitrate of silver. 



135 



When the precipitate has drained, mix it with the Lactic Acid and 
Orange Flower Water, and stir well. After the lapse of two hours filter, 
and add enough Water through the filter to make the nitrate weigh 

thirty-five parts 

Lastly add the Sugar, dissolve it by agitation without heat, and strain. 



35 



Syrup of Lime. 



* Syrupus Calcis. 

Take of Clean, well-burnt Lime, one part . 
Sugar, in coarse powder, six parts 
Water, a sufficient quantity . 

Triturate the Lime and Sugar thoroughly in a mortar, and then add 

the mixture to Boiling Water, ten pa rts 

contained in a tinned iron or bright copper vessel. Boil the mixture for 
five minutes with constant stirring. Then dilute it with an equal vol- 
ume of Water, and filter through white paper. Finally evaporate it to 
twenty parts 



1 

.6 

q. s. 



10 



% Dr. Squibb's Formula is: 

Lime . . . 400 grs. 

Sugar . . . 2,300 " 

Boil. Water . . 8 fl. I 

Final bulk ... 1 pint. 

Strength: 1 gr. of Lime in 25 minims. 



This may be converted into: 



20 



400 grs. 


4 


4 


1 


2,300 " 


23 


24 


6 


3,600 " 


36 


36 


9 
20 



Strength : 1 part of Lime (or as much as 
has been dissolved) in 20 parts of Syrup. 



Mr. Sheppard recommends the proportions: Lime, 4; Sugar, 40; Boil. Water 
Final product, 90 parts. 



Syrupus rjerri Bromidi. Syrup of Bromide of Iron. 

Take of Bromine, fourteen parts 14 

Iron, in the form of fine wire, and cut into small pieces, 

seven parts 7 

Distilled Water, twenty-two parts . . . . .22 
Syrup, a sufficient quantity q. s. 



160 



To the Distilled Water, contained in a flask of thin glass, add the 
Iron wire and Bromine; shake the mixture occasionally until the reaction 
ceases, and the solution has acquired a green color and has lost the smell 
of Bromine. Then having introduced 

Syrup, one hundred and sixty parts % . 

into a tared bottle, heat it by means of a water-bath to 100° C. (= 212° F.), 
and, through a funnel introduced into the mouth of the bottle, filter into 
it the solution already prepared, and still hot. When this has passed, 
close the bottle, shake it thoroughly, and, when the liquid has cooled, add 
sufficient Syrup to make the product weigh two hundred parts 



200 



136 

Lastly, again shake the bottle, and transfer its contents to small vials, 
which must be securely stopped. 

Char.— A transparent liquid, of a pale-green color. It deposits no sedi- 
ment by keeping, and does not tinge solution of starch yellow (absence of free 
bromine). Mixed with sulphuric acid, it becomes reddish-brown, and the 
mixture emits red-brown vapors when heated. 

100 parts of this syrup contain 9.45 parts of ferrous bromide, which are 
completely precipitated by 14.88 parts of silver nitrate; and the precipitate is 
entirely soluble in water of ammonia, diluted with its own volume of water. 

IT Syr. Ferri Brom. has been recommended for adoption, as it is used to some 
extent in the Eastern States. Stille regards bromide of iron as a useless and even 
dangerous compound. 

* Syrupus Ferri Chloridi Viridis. Syrup of Green Chloride of Iron. 

Take of Iron, in the form of fine wire, and cut into small pieces, 

one part 1 

Hydrochloric Acid, four parts . 4 

Sugar, in coarse powder, thirty parts 30 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the Hydrochloric Acid with Water, six parts .... 6 
Pour the mixture over the Iron, contained in a capacious porcelain cap- 
sule, or in a capacious flask, and heat gently until the liquid ceases to 
effervesce. Filter the liquid, while warm, and rinse the undissolved 
Iron and filter with warm Water, about four parts . . . . . 4 
Then add enough Water to make the whole liquid weigh twenty parts 20 

and immediately add the Sugar, which is to be dissolved by agitation 
without heat. 

1 This formula is constructed after that furnished by Mr. S. A. D. Sheppard. The 
preparation appears to be used to some extent. The simplest way to distinguish, in 
pharmaceutical language, the green ferrous Ferri Chloridum from the reddish-brovm 
Ferri Chloridum, appears to be to use the adjective viridis. If we were to readopt 
the term protochloridum, we would at once step back into the old nomenclature. 
On the other hand, it does not seem advisable to entirely recast the chemical nomen- 
clature of the U. S. Ph. in accordance with the latest theories. 

Syrupus Ferri Iodidi. Syrup of Iodide of Iron. 

Take of Iodine, sixteen parts 1(> 

Iron, in the form of fine wire, and cut into small pieces, 

'five parts 5 

Distilled Water, twenty-three parts 23 

Syrup, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the Iodine, Iron wire, and Distilled Water in a flask of thin glass, 
shake the mixture occasionally until the reaction ceases, and the solution 



137 

has acquired a green color and lost the smell of Iodine. Then having 

introduced Syrup, one hundred and sixty parts 160 

into a tared bottle, heat it by means of a water-bath to 100° C. (= 212° 
F.), and, through a funnel inserted into the mouth of the bottle, filter into 
it the solution already prepared, and still hot. When this has passed, 
close the bottle, shake it thoroughly, and, when the liquid has cooled, add 
sufficient Syrup to make the product weigh two hundred parts . . 200 

Lastly, again shake the bottle, and transfer its contents to small vials, 
which must be securely stopped, and kept in a place accessible to daylight. 

Char. — A transparent liquid, of a pale-green color. It deposits no sedi- 
ment by keeping, and does not tinge solution of starch blue (absence of free 
Iodine). Mixed with sulphuric acid, it becomes brown, and the mixture emits 
violet vapors when heated. 100 parts of this syrup contain 9.76 parts of ferrous 
iodide, which are completely precipitated by 10.94 parts of silver nitrate; and 
the precipitate is but very slightly soluble in diluted water of ammonia. 

IT The above formula differs from the present one by only 0.3 parts of water; in 
other words, instead of 22.7 parts of water, 23 parts are directed to be used. 

Present Formula. Approximations. 

Iodine . . 2 1 960 grs. 96 16 

Iron Wire . 300 grs. 300 " 30 5 

Water . . 3 fl. I 1,367 " 136 23 (instead of 22.7.) 

Syrup . . 16 fl. § 9,602 " 960 160 

Final Product . 20 fl. I 12,000 " 1,200 200 

* Syrupus Ferri Lactophosphatis (a). Syrup of Lactophosphate of Iron. 

Take of Lactate of Iron, one part 1 

Stronger Phosphoric Acid (spec. gr. 1.350), five parts . 5 

Spirit of Lemon, one part 1 

Simple Syrup, a sufficient quantity . . . . q s. 

Rub the Lactate of Iron, in a tared mortar, with 

Simple Syrup, sixteen parts . . . 16 

until they are thoroughly mixed. Then add the Phosphoric Acid, and 
triturate until the Lactate of Iron is dissolved. Finally add the Spirit of 
Lemon, and enough Simple Syrup until the whole product weighs one 
hunded parts 100 

If In this and several succeeding formulae a stronger phosphoric acid, of the spec, 
grav. 1.350, has been introduced. Should a still stronger acid be made officinal, the 
quantities stated in these formulas would, of course, have to be altered in proportion. 
Mr. Sheppard furnished the formula next following. 

Syrupus Ferri Lactophosphatis (b). Syrup of Lactophosphate of Iron' 

Take of Lactic Acid, twelve parts 12 

Phosphate of Iron, freshly precipitated, a sufficient 

quantity q. s. 

Orange Flower Water, fifteen par ts 15 

Sugar, in coarse powder, one hundred and twenty parts 120 



138 

Mix the Lactic Acid with the Orange Flower Water and 

Water, twenty parts 20 

Add to the mixture sufficient of the fresh magma of Phosphate of Iron 
to make it nearly neutral. Filter, add Water, through the filter, until the 

filtrate weighs ninety parts . „ . . 90 

Dissolve the Sugar in the filtrate by agitation, without heat, and strain. 

f The phosphate of iron intended is that which is at present officinal. 

Syrupus Ferri, Quiniae et Strychniae Phosphatum. 

Syrup of the Phosphates of Iron, Quinia, and Strychnia. 

Take of White Phosphate of Iron, in very fine powder, fifty-six 

parts 56 

Sulphate of Quinia, thirty-six parts . . . .36 

Sulphate of Strychnia, one part 1 

Stronger Phosphoric Acid, spec. gr. 1.350, two hundred 

and eighty parts 280 

Sugar, in coarse powder, two thousand four hundred parts 2400 
Diluted Sulphuric Acid, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 
Water of Ammonia, a sufficient quantity . . q. s. 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s 

Simple Syrup, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Dissolve the Sugar in 

Distilled Water, one thousand tivo hundred parts 1200 

with the aid of a gentle heat, and allow the Syrup to cool. 

Mix the Sulphates of Quinia and Strychnia with 

Water, two hundred and fifty parts 250 

dissolve them by the aid of Diluted Sulphuric Acid, and precipitate the 
Quinia and Strychnia by the addition of Water of Ammonia in slight ex- 
cess. Wash the precipitated alkaloids on a muslin strainer with cold 

Water, five hundred parts 500 

then forcibly express the remaining liquid. 

Triturate the precipitated alkaloids, and the Phosphate of Iron, with the 
Stronger Phosphoric Acid, until they are dissolved; then add the Syrup 
and strain it into a tared bottle. Wash the strainer with 

Simple Syrup, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

to make the product weigh four thousand parts 4000 

Lastly keep the product in well-closed bottles protected from the light. 

1 This syrup, if made with the so-called ferrous phosphate, is apt to precipitate, 
after a while, a sediment of basic phosphate. If made with ferric phosphate, it will 
generally keep clear, provided it was carefully strained. The so-called ferrous phos- 
phate of pharmacy not being strictly a ferrous salt, but a mixture of ferrous and 
ferric salts, it cannot make much difference, if the ferric salt be entirely substituted 
for it. There is no need of employing the phosphate of iron in a freshly precipitated 
condition. If it is made according to the formula given above (p. 61), it will be readily 



139 

soluble in the acid. If, however, it is desired to prepare it specially for the present 
syrup, the f ollowing -nail be the quantities of the ingredients required to prepare about 
56 parts of ferric phosphate: 

Solution of Chloride of Iron, one hundred and sixty parts . . . .160 
Phosphate of Sodium, one hundred and thirty parts .... 130 
Acetate of Sodium, forty-seven parts 47 

As stated on page 62, there is no need of using the acetate of sodium, and if this 
is left out, the proportions of chloride of iron and phosphate of sodium may be read- 
ily calculated from the working formula there given. 

Some authors make the genitive plural of phosphas, nitras. etc., in ium, viz. : 
phosphatium, nitratium, etc. But the small number of classic Latin nouns ending 
in as, dtis, preceded by another consonant than t, forms the gen. plur. usually in um. 
Hence the form phosphatum is preferable. 

Syrupus Fuscus. Molasses. 

The impure, dark-colored syrup obtained as a residue in refining sugar 
from. Saecharum officinarum Lin. 

Char. — Its spec. grav. is between 1.350 and 1.400. Two volumes of molas- 
ses mixed with three volumes of 90$ alcohol should yield, after a few minutes, 
a clear brown solution (absence of glucose, at least in quantities over 10 per 
cent). 

* Syrupus Hypophosphitum Compositus (a). 

Compound Syrup of the Hypophosphites. 

Take of Hypophosphite of Calcium, thirty parts .... 30 

Hypophosphite of Sodium, ten parts .... 10 

Hypophosphite of Potassium, ten parts .... 10 

Citric Acid, one part ........ 1 

Spirit of Lemon, two parts 2 

Sugar, four hundred and fifty parts 450 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the three Hypophosphites, reduce them to powder, and gradually 

add, under trituration, Water, three hundred parts 300 

Shoukl there be a trifling residue undissolved, allow the solution to settle, 
pour off nearly the whole of it, and add the Citric Acid so that the residue 
may be dissolved. Then having mix,ed the liquids, add the Spirit of 
Lemon, and filter. Wash the filter with Water until the whole of the 

filtrate weighs four hundred and fifty parts 450 

Finally dissolve in this the Sugar, by agitation, without heat, and strain. 

If The proportions heretofore in use, and 

expressed in parts by weight, are the New Formula. 

following: 
Calcium Hypophos. 27 30 

Sodium Hypophos. . . 9 10 

Potassium Hypophos. . . 9 10 



140 



Water 


325 


q. s. 


Spirit of Lemon 


2 


2 


(Total) 


(373) 


(400) 


Sugar . 


488 


500 


Total Product 


861 


900 



The amount of sugar has been reduced, as it is apt to partially separate in a 
solution of hypophosphites. Mr. S. A. D. Sheppard furnishes the following formula: 

* Syrupus Hypophosphitum Compositum (&). 

Compound Syrup of the Hypophosphites. 

Take of Hypophosphite of Calcium, three parts .... 3 

Hypophosphite of Sodium, two parts . . . . 2 

Hypophosphite of Potassium, one part .... 1 

Boiling Water, thirty parts 30 

Citric Acid, one par t 1 

Tincture of Vanilla, one part 1 

Syrup, fifty parts . . . . . . . .50 

Dissolve the Hypophosphites in the Water, using the Citric Acid to dissolve 
the last portion ; then add to the solution the Syrup and the Tincture of 
Vanilla. Filter through paper. 

* Syrupus Hypophosphitum Compositus cum Ferro. 

Compound Syrup of the Hypophosphites with Iron. 

Take of Lactate of Iron, one part 1 

Compound Syrup of the Hypophosphites, ninety-nine parts 99 

Dissolve the Lactate of Iron in the Syrup by trituration. 

1 Mr. Sheppard's formula directed Lact. of Iron, 1 ; and Comp. Syrup of Hypophos.,. 
90 parts. This has been altered to 99. 

Syrupus Ipecacuanhae (a). Syrup of Ipecacuanha. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Ipecacuanha, five parts 5 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Sugar, in coarse powder, sixty parts 60 

Mix the Fluid Extract of Ipecacuanha with Water, twenty-five parts 25 
and agitate the mixture frequently during a few hours. Then filter it 
through a well- wetted filter, and pass enough Water through the filter to 

make the whole filtrate weigh forty parts 40 

Finally, add the Sugar, dissolve it by agitation, without heat, and strain. 

Present Formula. 
Fl. Ext. Ipecac. . . 2 fl. 5 ab. 960 grs. 1 

Syrup . . . 32 fl. I 19,200 " 20 

Mr. Sheppard furnishes the following formula : 



141 

Syrupus Ipecacuanhae (b). Syrup of Ipecacuanlia. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Ipecacuanlia, five parts .... 5 

Precipitated Chalk, one part 1 

Sugar, in coarse powder, sixty parts 60 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Rub the Fluid Extract of Ipecacuanha first with the Precipitated Chalk 

and Sugar, four parts 4 

then with Water, twenty-five parts 25 

gradually added, and filter. 

Add enough Water through the filter to make the filtrate weigh 

thirty-six parts 36 

Then add the remainder of the Sugar to the filtrate, dissolve it by agita- 
tion, without heat, and strain. 

Syrupus Kraraeriae. Syrup of Krameria. Syrup of Rhatany. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Rhatany, one part . . . . . ' 1 
Simple Syrup, two parts 2 

Mix them. 

T There is no need of filtering, as some have recommended. 

Syrupus Lactucarii. Syrup of Lactucarium. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Lactucarium, one part . . . . 1 
Simple Syrup, fifteen parts 15 

Mix them. 

r i This is Mr. Lembergers formula (see Proc. Am. Pluxrm. Assoc, 26 [1878], 764). 
Mr. Sheppard has furnished a formula, starting with the exhaustion of Lactucarium 
by Benzin, in the same manner as Mr. Lemberger has proposed. The result is the 



Syrupus Limonis (a). Syrup of Lemon. 

Take of Lemon Juice, recently expressed and strained, sixteen parts, 16 

Fresh Lemon Peel, one part 1 

Sugar, in coarse powder, twenty-four parts . . . .24 

Heat the Lemon Juice to the boiling point; then add the Lemon Peel, and 
let the whole stand, well covered, until cold. Filter, and dissolve the Sugar 
in the filtrate, by agitation, without heat. 

1 The lemon juice should be heated to boiling, to coagulate and separate albumi- 
nous matters. The addition of lemon peel is a decided improvement. The present 
U. S. Ph. directs equal parts of lemon juice and water, while the Brit. Ph. only use 
pure lemon juice. It is certainly preferable to leave out the water. As made by the 
above formula, the syrup keeps well. Mr. Sheppard supplies the following formula. 



142 

Syrupus Limonis (&). Syrup of Lemon. 

Take of Lemon Juice, recently expressed and strained, four parts . 4 

Water, four parts .4 

Sugar, in coarse powder, fifteen par ts 15 

Mix the Lemon Juice and Water. 

Dissolve the Sugar in the mixture, by agitation, without heat, and strain. 

* Syrupus Phosphatum Compositus (a). Compound Syrup of the Phosphates. 

Take of White Phosphate of Iron, thirteen parts . . . .13 
Precipitated Carbonate of Calcium, twenty-five parts . 25 

Carbonate of Potassium, three parts 3 

Carbonate of Sodium, two parts ..... 2 

Orange Flower Water, twenty parts 20 

Sugar, in coarse powder, six hundred parts . . . 600 
Tincture of Cudbear, twelve parts . , . . . .12 

Stronger Phosphoric Acid (spec. gr. 1.350), 

a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Rub the Phosphate of Iron and the three Carbonates with the Orange 
Flower Water, in a capacious mortar, to a smooth paste; add 

Distilled Water, one hundred parts 100 

and afterwards Stronger Phosphoric Acid, one hundred and ninety parts 190 
or sufficient to dissolve the salts. Then add the Tincture of Cudbear, and 
afterwards enough Distilled Water to make the whole weigh 

five hundred parts 500 

Filter the whole through a well- wetted filter upon the Sugar contained in a 
bottle, and when all the liquid has passed, close the bottle, and shake it 
until the Sugar is dissolved. Set it aside; and if, after 24 hours, a slight 
cloudiness or precipitate should have made its appearance, dissolve this 
by adding a small quantity of Stronger Phosphoric Acid in drops. Finally, 
strain the syrup. 

If The above formula differ apparently a good deal from that proposed by Parrish. 
Yet, in the important constituents, this difference is but slight. The substitution 
of the ferric for the so-called f errors phosphate produces a more permanent syrup ; 
at the same time it hardly differs from the latter in a therapeutical point of 
view. Phosphate of calcium is much more readily prepared by supersaturating the 
Precipitated Carbonate of Calcium than by the circumstantial process of dissolv- 
ing the phosphate in hydrochloric acid, reprecipitating, washing, and again dissolv- 
ing it in phosphoric acid. The ferric phosphate in the formula is assumed to be 
already prepared, and in a dry condition. If it should be considered unnecessary to 
keep this salt specially prepared, the following process may be incorporated in the 
above formula, for preparing the 13 grammes required: 
Take of Solution of Chloride of Iron, forty parts . . . . . .40 

Phosphate of Sodium, thirty-one parts ...... 31 

Acetate of Sodium, twelve parts ....... 12 

Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . . . . q. s. 



143 

Dissolve the Phosphate and Acetate of Sodium in Water, three hundred parts . 300 

and add to this solution gradually, and under constant stirring, the Solution of Chloride 
of Iron, previously diluted with Water, one hundred and twenty parts . . . 120 

Wash the precipitated Phosphate of Iron, first by decantation with warm Water, using 
each time about six hundred parts ........ 600 

then transfer it to a muslin strainer, and continue the washing with Water, until the 
latter runs off tasteless. Allow the precipitate to drain. 

In substituting this precipitate in the formula, allowance must, of course, be made 
for the water retained in the precipitate. Regarding the Acetate of Sodium, see remarks 
to Syr. Ferri, Quinioz et Strych. Phos. 

The strength of the Syrup is so calculated, that each teaspoonful contains about 
1 grain of ferric phosphate, 2 grains of calcium phosphate, and fractions of a grain of 
the other phosphates. If it is desired to make the syrup with ferroits phosphate of the 
same strength, the following quantities would be required : 

Sulphate of Iron, thirty parts . . , . . .30 

Phosphate of Sodium, twenty-six parts . . . . . .26 

Acetate of Sodium, ten parts ....... 10 

to be dissolved, and the precipitate (ferroso-ferric phosphate) treated as in the previous for- 
mula. This latter salt, however, requires a much larger quantity of phosphoric acid for solu- 
tion. 

The addition of coloring matters, devoid of medicinal properties, should be discountenanced 
on general principles. It can only be justified, when it is desirable to cause two or more very 
similar preparations to be distinguished from each other even in appearance. This is the 
case with many syrups, and on this ground, the coloring matter may be admitted into the 
present syrup. Cudbear is suggested as being more easily managed than either Santal of 
Cochineal. 

The term "White Phosphate of Iron" has been chosen, in preference to "phosphate of 
sesquioxide of iron," or "ferric phosphate," as the former would be a step backwards in 
nomenclature, while the latter belongs to the present language of pure chemistry, rather than 
of practical pharmacy. 

The following formula is furnished by Mr. Sheppard, and also produces a good syrup. 

Syrupus Phosphatum Compositus (&). Compound Syrup of the Phosphates. 

Take of Sulphate of Iron, seventy-eight parts .... 78 

Phosphate of Sodium, ninety-one parts .... 91 
Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, ninety-one parts . 91 

Stronger Phosphoric Acid (Sp. Gr. 1.35), 

three hundred parts 300 

Carbonate of Sodium, five parts 5 

Carbonate of Potassium, eight paints . 
Powdered Cochineal, twelve parts .... 
Sugar, in coarse powder, fifteen hundred parts . 
Orange Flower Water, sixty parts . 
Hydrochloric Acid, a sufficient quantity 
Stronger Water of Ammonia, a sufficient quantity 
Water, a sufficient quantity 



12 
1500 

60 
q. s. 
q. s. 
q. s. 

Mix Stronger Phosphoric Acid, twenty parts 20 

500 



with Water, five hundred parts 



144 

Dissolve the Sugar in the mixture with the aid of a gentle heat. Allow 
the syrup to cool, and then filter it through paper. 

Dissolve the Sulphate of Iron in 

boiling Water, one hundred and twent y par ts •. 120 

and the Phosphate of Sodium in 

boiling Water, two hundred and forty parts 240 

Add the Sodium Solution to the Iron Solution, stirring constantly. Wash 
the precipitate of Phosphate of Iron very thoroughly, by decantation, 
with Water. Express the Water remaining after the last washing, and 
dissolve the residue in Stronger Phosphoric Acid, sixty parts . . 60 

Mix the Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium with 

boiling Water, two hundred and forty parts 240 

and add to the mixture sufficient Hydrochloric Acid to make a solution. 
Allow this solution to cool, filter, and then add Stronger Water of Ammo- 
nia, stirring constantly, until the Phosphate of Calcium is precipitated, 
and the mixture is slighty alkaline to test-paper. Wash the precipitate, by 
decantation, with Water. Express the Water remaining after the last 
washing, dissolve the residue in 

Stronger Phosphoric Acid, sixty parts 60 

and add it to the Iron Solution. 

Eub the Carbonates of Sodium and Potassium with the Powdered 
Cochineal, add the Orange Flower Water and 

Stronger Phosphoric Acid, ten parts 10 

and filter. Mix the filtrate with the Solution of the Phosphates of Calcium 
and Iron and the remainder of the Phosphoric Acid, and filter. Add 
this mixture to the Syrup, and then add Water to make the finished pro- 
duct weigh three thousand two hundred and fifty parts . . . 3250 

* Syrupus Picis Liquidae. Syrup of Tar. 

Take of Tar, ten parts 10 

Cold Water, twenty parts 20 

Boiling Distilled Water, one hundred parts . . . 100 

Sugar, in coarse powder, one hundred parts . . . 100 

Upon the Tar, contained in a capacious vessel, pour the cold Water, 
and stir them frequently together during twenty-four hours. Then pour 
off the Water, and throw it away. Pour the Boiling Distilled Water upon 
the Tar, and stir the mixture briskly for fifteen minutes. Then set it aside 
for thirty-six hours, occasionally stirring. Finally, decant the Water, 

and filter. Lastly, in seventy parts 70 

of the filtrate, dissolve the sugar by agitation, without heat. 

II Some have proposed to make an alcoholic solution of tar, and to rub this with 
water and carbonate of magnesium. This would, however, result in a product having 
a disagreeable taste, bad keeping qualities, and not fully representing the soluble 
constituents of tar. The above formula yields a good product. 

The treatment with cold water removes excess of acid and other bodies. 



145 
Syrupus Pruni Virginianae. Syrup of Wild Cherry. 

Take of Wild Cherry, in coarse powder, five par ts . . . . 5 
Sugar, in coarse powder, twenty-six parts ... . .26 

Glycerin, two parts 2 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Moisten the Wild Cherry thoroughly with Water, and allow it to 
stand for twenty-four hours in a close vessel. Then pack it firmly in 
a glass percolator, and gradually pour Water upon it, until the perco- 
late weighs sixteen parts .16 

Dissolve the Sugar in the liquid, by agitation, without heat, add the 
Glycerin, and strain. 

IF The addition of glycerin diminishes the astringent taste, and adds to the 
keeping qualities. The amount of sugar has been reduced just enough to make room 
for the glycerin, without altering the customary strength of the syrup. 

Syrupus Rhei. Syrup of Rhubarb. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Rhubarb, one part 1 

Simple Syrup, twelve parts 12 

Mix them thoroughly, and strain. 

1 The strength is the same as at present. 

Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus (a). Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb. 

Take of Rhubarb, in moderately fine powder, ten parts . . 10 
Cloves, in moderately fine powder, tivo parts ... 2 
Cinnamon, in moderately fine powder, two parts . . .2 
Nutmeg, in moderately fine powder, one part ... 1 
Simple Syrup, three hundred and eighty parts . . . 380 

Alcohol, a sufficient quantity .' q. s. 

Glycerin, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the three last-named liquids in the proportion of eight parts of 
Alcohol, four parts of Glycerin, and four parts of Water. 

Mix the powders, and having moistened them with one-half of their 
weight of this menstruum, introduce them, after the lapse of two hours, 
into a. conical percolator, and pour enough menstruum on top, until the 

percolate amounts to fifty parts 50 

Add this to the Syrup, and mix thoroughly. 

I If the formula, proposed for Tinctura Rhei Aromatica (see this), is adopted, 
the above process may be considerably shortened, as follows : 
10 



146 
Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus (o). Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb. 

Take of Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb, one part .... 1 
Simple Syrup, eight parts 8 

Mix them. 

T Mr. Sheppard has furnished the following formula. 

Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus (c). Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb. 

Take of Rhubarb, in No. 40 powder, ten parts .... 10 

Cloves, in No. 40 powder, two parts 2 

Cassia, in No. 40 powder, two parts . . . . . 2 

Nutmeg, in No. 40 powder, one part 1 

Sugar, in coarse powder, four hundred parts . . . 400 

Clean Sand, ten parts 10 

Menstruum (Alcohol 1 part, Water 7 parts), 

a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the powders with the Sand, dampen the mixture with a suitable 
quantity of the Menstruum, pack it moderately in a percolator, and gra- 
dually pour upon it the Menstruum, until two hundred and fifty parts . 250 
of percolate are obtained. Dissolve the Sugar in the percolate, by agita- 
tion, without heat, and strain. 

If In this and some succeeding formulae, the degree of fineness of powders is given 
by the number of meshes, per linear inch, in the sieve. By comparison with other 
formulae, it will probably be agreed that this is the simplest and best method. 

Syrupus Rosae Gallicae. Syrup of Red Rose. 

Take of Red Rose, in moderately fine powder, four parts . . 4 
Sugar, in coarse powder, thirty-six parts ... 36 

Water, fourteen parts 14 

Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Moisten the Red Rose with Diluted Alcohol, pack it firmly in a coni- 
cal glass percolator and gradually pour Diluted Alcohol upon it until 

two parts 2 

of tincture have passed. Set this aside and continue the percolation 

until ten parts , , , , 10 

more of tincture are obtained. Evaporate this portion with a gentle 

heat to two parts . • 2 

and mix it with the Water. Then add the Sugar and dissolve by agita- 
tion, without heat. Lastly, add the reserved tincture to the solution, 
mix thoroughly, and strain. 






147 

Syrupus Rubi. Syrup of Blackberry. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Blackberry, one part 1 

Simple Syrup, four parts 4 

Mix them. 

* 
IT Is as close an approximation to the present formula as is practicable. 

* Syrupus Rubi Idaei. 'Syrup of Strawberry. 

Take of Fresh ripe Strawberries, any convenient quantity . . q. s. 
Sugar, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Reduce the Strawberries to a pulp, and let it stand at rest for three 
days. Separate the juice by pressing, and set it aside until it has com- 
pletely fermented and become clear. Then filter it. Mix of the Filtered 

Juice, six parts 6 

with Sugar, nine parts 9 

heat to boiling, avoiding the use of tinned vessels, and strain. 

1 Recommended for adoption as a grateful adjuvant and flavoring agent. The 
proportion of juice in the Germ. Pharm. is 5 parts; the Germ. Pharm. Rep. recom- 
mends to increase it to 6 parts. 

Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus (a). Compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla. 

Take of Sarsaparilla, in No. 40 powder, twenty-four parts . . 34 
Guaiacum Wood, in No. 40 powder, three parts . . 3 

Pale Rose, in No. 40 powder, two parts .... 2 
Liquorice Root, in No. 40 powder, two parts ... 2 

Senna, in No. 40 powder, two parts 2 

Sassafras, in No. 20 powder, one part .... 1 

Anise, in No. 20 powder, one part 1 

Gaultheria, in No. 20 powder, one part .... 1 

Sugar, in coarse powder, ninety-six parts . . . .96 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the solid ingredients, except the Sugar, with 

Diluted Alcohol, forty-five parts 45 

and allow the mixture to stand for two (2) days, then transfer it to a coni- 
cal percolator, and gradually pour upon it Diluted Alcohol until the per- 
colate weighs ninety parts 90 

Evaporate this on a water-bath until it weighs forty-eight parts . . 48 

add Water, sixteen parts 16 

and filter. If necessary, pass Water through the filter until the whole 

filtrate weighs sixty-four parts 64 

Then add the Sugar, dissolve it by agitation, without heat, and strain. 
The whole product should weigh one hundred and sixty pa rts . . .160 



148 



1 The proportions of this formula are as nearly as possible those of the present 
U. S. Ph. In order to avoid unwieldy figures which would have been necessitated by 
the minute proportion of Essential Oils of Sassafras, Anise, and Gaultheria, these 
latter were replaced by the crude drugs, in about the proportion corresponding to the 
oils. The resulting syrup is excellent. Mr. Sheppard furnished the following 
formula : 



Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus (b). Compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla. 

Take of Sarsaparilla, in No. 40 powder, forty parts ... 40 
Pale Rose, in No. 40 powder, three parts ... 3 

Liquorice Root, in No. 40 powder, three parts . . 3 
Senna, in No. 40 powder, three parts .... 3 

Oil of Sassafras, two one-hundredths of one part . . .02 

Oil of Anise, two one-hundredths of one part . . .02 

Oil of Gaultheria, two one-hundredths of one part . . .02 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, four-tenths of one part, .4 
Sugar, in coarse powder, one hundred and fifty parts . 150 
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the Sarsaparilla, Pale Rose, Liquorice Root, and Senna. Dampen 
the mixture with a small quantity of the Diluted Alcohol ; transfer it to 
a percolator, and gradually pour Diluted Alcohol upon it until the liquid 
begins to drop from the percolator. Then close the lower orifice with a 
cork and allow it to stand for twenty-four (24) hours. The cork is then 
to be removed and more Diluted Alcohol gradually poured on until 

one hundred and fifty parts 150 

of tincture have passed. 

Evaporate this tincture, by means of a water-bath, to eighty parts . 80 
Rub the Oils, first with the Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium and 

Sugar, three parts 3 

then with the evaporated tincture, gradually added, and filter. Add 
Water, through the filter, to make the filtrate weigh eighty-four parts . 84 
Add the remainder of the Sugar to the filtrate, dissolve by agitation, 
without heat, and strain. 



Syrupus Scillae. Syrup of Squill 

Take of Vinegar of Squill, two parts 2 

Sugar, in coarse powder, three parts .... 3 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Heat the Vinegar of Squill, contained in a glass or porcelain vessel, to 
the boiling point, and filter, while hot. Wash the filter with enough 
Water to make the filtrate weigh two parts . . . . . . 2 

Dissolve the Sugar in the latter by agitation, without heat, and strain. 



149 
Syrupus Scillae Compositus (a). Compound Syrup of Squill. 

Take of Squill, in moderately fine powder, forty parts ... 40 
Seneka, in moderately fine powder, forty parts . . 40 

Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium, one part ... 1 
Sugar, in coarse powder, four hundred and twenty parts 420 

Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the Squill and Seneka, and having moistened the mixture with 

Diluted Alcohol, one hundred parts 100 

allow it to stand for one hour. Then transfer it to a conical j>ercolator, 
and pour Diluted Alcohol upon it until the percolate amounts to 

two hundred parts . 200 

Boil this for a few minutes, let it stand until cold, and filter. Evaporate 
the filtrate by means of a water-bath to one hundred parts . . . 100 
and add to it Boiling Water, one hundred and sixteen parts . . . 116 

Dissolve the Sugar in the liquid by agitation, without heat. Lastly, 
dissolve the Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium in a small quantity of 
this Syrup, by the aid of heat, mix the solution with the remainder of the 
syrup, and strain. 

Present Formula. Multiplied by 10. Approximate Weights. 

Sugar .... 

Squill .... 

Seneka ..... 

Tart. Emetic . 
Moisten with Dil. Ale. . 
Obtain Tincture : 
Evaporate to : . 
Add Boiling Water: 
Total Product: .... 

1 The Syrup of the present U. S. Ph. contains 1 gr. each of Squill and Seneka in 
15 grains of Syrup. In order to retain the proportion, it was only necessary to trans- 
late the fl. 5 of the end-product into troy ounces. 600 parts of the Syrup contain 40 
each of Squill and Seneka; or 15 parts contain 1 each. The proportion between the 
liquid and the Sugar has been altered, so as to approach more closely to that used in 
making Simple Syrup.— Mr. Sheppard furnished the following formula: 

Syrupus Scillae Compositus (b). Compound Syrup of Squill. 

Take of Squill, in No. 30 powder, forty parts 40 

Seneka, in No. 40 powder, forty parts .... 40 

Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium, one part ... 1 
Sugar, in coarse powder, four hundred and fifty parts . 450 
Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, three paints ... 3 
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the Squill and Seneka, and having moistened the mixture with 
Diluted Alcohol, one hundred parts 100 



425 


420 5 


420 


45 


405 


40 


45 


405 


40 


48 gr. 


15 


1 


8fl. 5 


80 fl. 5 


100 


16 fl. 5 


160 fl. 5 


2O0 


8fl. 5 


80 fl. 5 


100 


14 fl. 5 


140 fl. 5 


116 


48 fl. 3 


480 fl. 5 


=600 5 



150 

allow it to stand for one hour. Then transfer it to a percolator, and pour 

upon it Diluted Alcohol until four hundred parts 400 

of tincture have passed. 

Boil this for a few minutes, then evaporate, by means of a water- 
bath, to one hundred and fifty parts . . . 150 

Add boiling Water, fifty parts 50 

Triturate the mixture with the Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, filter, 
and add, through the filter, sufficient warm Water to make the filtrate 

weigh two hundred and forty parts 240 

Dissolve the Sugar in the filtrate, by agitation, without heat, and strain. 

Lastly, dissolve the Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium in a small 
quantity of this Syrup, by the aid of heat, and mix the solution with the 
remainder of the Syrup. 

Syrupus Senegas. Syrup of Seneka. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Seneka, forty parts 40 

Water of Ammonia, one part . 1 

Precipitated Phosphate of Calcium, four parts ... 4 
Sugar, one hundred and fifty parts . 150 

Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . . . q. s. 

Mix the Fluid Extract with Water, sixty parts 60 

add the Water of Ammonia, shake well, and allow it to stand at rest for 
a few hours. Triturate the Phosphate of Calcium with a small quantity 
of the liquid to a smooth paste, add this to the remainder of the liquid, 
agitate well, and filter it through a well- wetted filter. Wash the filter 
with enough Water to make the whole of the filtrate weigh 

one hundred parts • . 100 

To this add the Sugar, dissolve it by agitation, without heat, and strain. 

The product should weigh two hundred and fifty parts . . . 250 

f The formula of the present U. S. Ph. directs Seneka to be percolated, the per- 
colate to be evaporated, etc. This may be much simplified by using the above pro- 
cess. Since the addition of water generally precipitates, mixed with pectin bodies, 
some of the useful constituents of Seneka, it is advisable to add Water of Ammonia 
in the proportion given in the formula. This addition also permits the employment 
of the Phosphate of Calcium as a triturating agent, as it remains entirely unacted 
upon in the alkaline solution. The strength of the Syrup, according to the present 
17. S. Ph., expressed in parts by weight, is 8 of Seneka in 46 of Syrup. The above for- 
mula, therefore, should contain 43 of Seneka in 250. Instead of 43, the round number 
40 was chosen. 

* Syrupus Sennae. Syrup of Senna. 

Take of Senna, bruised, thirty-three parts 33 

Sugar, in coarse powder, fifty-eight parts ... 58 

Alcohol, four parts • . 4 

Oil of Coriander, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 



151 

Digest the Senna in Water, one hundred and sixty parts . . 160 
for 24 hours at 49° C. (=120° F.); express and strain. Digest the marc 

again with Water, seventy parts 70 

for six hours at the same temperature, and again express and strain. 
Mix the strained liquids, and evaporate them to thirty parts . . 30 

When cold, add the Alcohol, previously mixed with one per cent of Oil 
of Coriander, filter, and pass enough Water through the filter to make 

the whole filtrate weigh forty-two parts 42 

Then add the Sugar, and dissolve it by agitation, without heat, and strain. 

The product should weigh one hundred parts 100 

IT The formula has been constructed after the Brit. Pharm., but the quantity of 
Senna has been reduced from 38 to 33 per cent, the latter being then about %. The 
Oil of Coriander is difficult to adjust in the formula. The Brit. Pharm. takes 3 min- 
ims for 2 fl. oz. of alcohol, which is about 0.5 per cent. 

*Syrupus Simplex (a). Simple Syrup. 

Sm.—Syrupus, U. S. Ph. of 1870. 

Take of Sugar, in coarse powder, sixty-five parts .... 65 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Introduce the Sugar into a conical percolator, into the neck of which 
a piece of coarse wet sponge has been inserted, and pour upon it 

Distilled Water, thirty-five parts 35 

When the liquid begins to drop from the orifice, close the latter with a 
cork, and let the percolator stand in a moderately warm place until about 
half of the Sugar has dissolved. Then remove the cork, and allow the 
Syrup to drop. Return the first portion, if not quite clear, and finally, 
when no more liquid passes, and all the Sugar has been dissolved, pass 
enough Distilled Water through the percolator to make the product 
weigh one hundred parts 100 

f This formula has been introduced as a sample for syrups made.by percolation ; 
but is not recommended by the Committee. 

Syrupus Simplex (o). Simple Syrup. 

Take of Sugar, in coarse powder, sixty-five parts .... 65 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Dissolve the Sugar, with the aid of heat, in 

Distilled Water, thirty-five parts .35 

raise the temperature to the boiling point, and strain the solution while 
hot. Pass enough Distilled Water through the strainer to make the pro- 
duct weigh one hundred parts 100 

t The strength of the Syrup, as made by either of the foregoing processes, varies 
only by a trifle from that of the present U. S. Ph. 



152 



Present Formula. 


Percentage. 


Changed to: 


Sugar 


36 I 36 I 


65.45 65 


Water . 


. 20 fl. 1 19 1 


34.54 35 


Final Product 


55 fl. 5 55 I 


100 100 



1 The title Syrupus Simplex is generally preferred, and is proposed to be restored. 

The proportions of the Germ. Pharm. are 10 parts (or 35.7$) of water, and 18 
parts (or 64. 3#) of Sugar.— Simple Syrup may, of course, likewise be made by the cold 
process, and the above formula may be altered accordingly. But since heat always 
causes the separation and elimination of more or less foreign substances and impuri- 
ties, which otherwise would remain, it seems advisable to retain the direction "to 
raise to the boiling point." 



* Syrupus Stillingiae Compositus. Compound Syrup of Stillingia. 

Take of Stillingia, in fine powder, six parts 6 

Turkey Corn (Corydalis), in fine powder, six parts . . 6 

Blue Flag, in fine powder, three parts .... 3 

Elder Flowers, in moderately fine powder, three parts . 3 

Pipsissewa, in moderately fine powder, three parts . . 3 

Coriander, in moderately fine powder, two parts . . .2 

Prickly Ash Berries, bruised, two parts .... 2 

Sugar, in coarse powder, fifty-five parts . . . .55 

Alcohol, a sufficient quantity . . . . . . q. s. 

Glycerin, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the liquids in the proportion of 1 part of Alcohol, 2 parts of 
Glycerin, and 4 parts of Water. Then having mixed the powders, 
moisten them with a sufficient quantity of the menstruum, pack them 
tightly in a conical percolator, and pour enough of the menstruum on 
top, so that the mixed powders will be covered by it, when the liquid 
begins to drop from the orifice. Close the latter with a cork, and set the 
percolator aside, in a moderately warm place, for 4 days. Then remove 
the cork, and allow the liquid to drop from the percolator, pouring from 
time to time more menstruum on top, until there have passed 

thirty-five parts 35 

Set this portion aside, and continue the percolation until 

twenty-five parts 25 

more of percolate have been obtained. Evaporate the latter, on a water- 
bath, at a temperature not exceeding 65° C. (=149° F.), until it is reduced 
to ten parts 10 

Then mix it with the reserved portion, filter it through paper, and 
pass enough of the above-described menstruum through the filter, to 
make the whole filtrate weigh forty-five parts . ... . . .45 

Finally dissolve in this the Sugar by agitation, without heat, and strain. 

IT The strength of this syrup is, as nearly as possible, that usually employed or 
quoted (by King, etc.). 



153 

Syrupus Tolutanils. Syrup of Tolu. 

Take of Balsam of Tolu, four parts . . 4 

Sugar, in coarse powder, sixty-five parts .... 65 
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity . . . . q.s. 

Add the Balsam to the Sugar, mixed with Distilled Water, 

thirty-five parts 35 

and digest the whole, in a covered vessel, at a temperature not exceeding 
82° C. (=180° F.), for two (2) hours. Then allow the mixture to become 
cold, strain through a well- wetted muslin strainer, and wash the latter 
with enough Distilled Water, to make the product weigh one hundred 
parts 100 

IT Digesting the balsam with the water and sugar is far preferable to digesting the 
balsam with the water alone. The sugar aids solution of the aromatic principles and 
of a little of the resin. The formula, as above given, has been long tested by experience, 
and yields a very good product. The strength, in sugar, is the same as that of simple 
syrup. The present U. S. Ph. directs the Tincture of Tolu to be triturated with sugar, 
water, and carbonate of magnesium. It is now well recognized that the latter sub- 
stance makes the syrup slightly alkaline, and therefore incompatible with alkaloidal 
salts. 

Syrupus Zingiberis (a). Syrup of Ginger. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Ginger, one part\ 1 

Sugar, in coarse powder, forty-eight parts ... 48 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Rub the Fluid Extract of Ginger with Sugar, sixteen parts . . 16 

and expose the mixture to a heat not exceeding 60° (=140° F.), until all 
the alcohol has evaporated. Then mix it with 

Water, twenty-eight parts 28 

stir well, and allow it to become cold, agitating occasionally to promote 
solution. Filter the solution, and wash the filter with enough Water to 

make the whole nitrate weigh forty-four parts 44 

Then dissolve in it the remainder of the Sugar by agitation, without 
heat, and strain. 

Syrupus Zingiberis (b). Syrup of Ginger. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Ginger, four parts 4 

Sugar, twenty-eight parts 28 

Lime, slaked, and in fine powder, a sufficient quantity . q. s. 

Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Diluted Sulphuric Acid, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 
Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

To the Fluid Extract of Ginger add a sufficient quantity of the 
Lime, in small portions at a time, and shaking vigorously after each 
addition, until the Fluid Extract ceases to lose color. Throw the whole 



154 

on a filter, and when the liquid has passed through, wash the residue 
with Diluted Alcohol, until the filtrate weighs eight parts . , , 8 
Now add, drop by drop, Diluted Sulphuric Acid to the filtrate, until the 
yellow color of the latter suddenly disappears, let the whole stand at 
rest for 24 hours, filter, and add Water to make it weigh sixteen parts ■ . 16 
Shake this with some powdered pumice-stone, and filter it at a tempera- 
ture between 0°-4.4° C. (=32°-40° F.), or at least at as Iowa temperature 
as is possible. Pass enough Diluted Alcohol through the filter to make 

the filtrate weigh sixteen parts 16 

In this dissolve the Sugar, and strain. 

1 This formula is constructed on the basis of Mr. J. C. Tresh's process, presented 
at the last meeting of the British Pharmaceutical Conference. 

Tabacum. — Tamarindus. — Tanacetum (d). — Tapioca (d; see Avence Farina). 
Taraxacum. — Terebinthina.— Terebinthina Canadensis. — Testa (d). — 
Testa Praeparata (cZ).— * Thea.— * Thuja (fresh).—* Thymol.—* Thymus 
(as source of 01. Thymi).—* Tilia (the flowers). 

Tincturae. Tinctures. 

(By Prof. Joseph P. Remingto,n.) 

1 [The whole of this chapter up to and including: Tinctura Zingiberis, is con- 
tributed by Prof. Joseph P. Remington, excepting only those portions which are 
enclosed in brackets [ ], which are added by the Chairman of the Committee.] 

In preparing the following Report, the various suggestions and proposi- 
tions of contributors to the Pharmaceutical Journals were considered, and in 
many cases tried practically. A great deal of time was consumed in this 
way, and the writer regrets that the Report could not have been finished at an 
earlier day. Wherever a deviation from the present formula has been pro- 
posed, the tincture has been prepared experimentally; and samples of the 
finished preparations, with the dregs, showing the ability of the menstruum 
to exhaust the drug, accompany this Report, f Although many changes are 
proposed, the endeavor has been made to avoid suggesting alterations, unless 
they could be clearly proved to be improvements. It is possible that a larger 
number of new tinctures are suggested than are desirable; but the many 
useful additions of late to our own Materia Medica, and the actual demand for 
preparations of them, if not in one locality, then in another, induced the 
writer to at least propose them, leaving the work of excision to the Final 
Committee, who have to judge of the wants of the whole country. 

1 [The terms "Alcohol," and "Stronger Alcohol," occurring in the following 
formulae for Tinctures, are understood to denote those at present recognized by the 
U. S. Ph., namely those of spec. gr. 0.835, and 0.817 respectively. 

The Germ. Pharm. Rep. contains the following recommendation regarding Tinc- 
tures, for the proposed new German Pharmacopoeia: 

t This Report, together with the samples, was presented by the author at the last meeting 
of the Am. Pharm. Asso., at Indianapolis, Sept., 1879. 



155 

"Tinctures are to be prepared by maceration, in closed vessels, at ordinary- 
temperature.— A digestion at 35-40° C, continued for some time [which was directed 
to be used in certain cases by the present German Pharm.], is impracticable; and 
tinctures prepared by maceration, such as they were directed to be made by the older 
pharmacopoeias, do not differ materially from those made by digestion. Should 
digestion be retained, it will be necessary to replace any loss of menstruum before 
pressing. After the tincture has stood for one or two days in a cool place, it may 
be filtered. It is not necessary that tinctures should be filtered in the store-room, 
where they are to be kept; any room having a temperature not exceeding 15° C. will 
answer. All tinctures must be dispensed clear, and filtered. In the case of barks, 
roots, and woody tissue, it is to be specified that they must be employed in the form 
of coarse powder for preparing tinctures."] 

1 [Explanation of Tabular Columns. The headings of the tabular columns have 
been omitted in the several f ormulae for tinctures following below, in order to save 
trouble in composition. They are easily understood however, and are as follows:] 



New Formula. 




Old Formula 




Parts 

by 

Weight. 


Process. 


Proportion 
in present 
U. S. Ph. 


Exact 
Weight. 


Approximations. 



New Formula. 




Old Formula. 






. 2 Perc. 
. 5 


12 % 
20 


5,760 grs. 
12,046 " 


. 1 

2.1 


2 
5 



Tinctura Aconiti Radicis. Tincture of Aconite Moot. 

New Formula. 

Aconite Root, No. 50 powder, 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, 

IT It is proposed to slightly decrease the strength of the present tincture. The 
tincture of the leaves having been abandoned (it being a much weaker preparation), 
it was believed that no disadvantage would result from this slight change, whilst a 
preparation approaching more nearly to the strength of the discarded could be 
adopted. Other strong liquid preparations will doubtless be officinal, Liniment and 
Fluid Extract, which will be available when concentration is desired. The proposed 
reduction in strength amounts only to 3.8%, and in view of the dangerous character of 
this tincture, the writer would favor a still further reduction in strength, particularly 
as this is the liquid preparation of Aconite which is now used internally, very fre- 
quently in combination with aqueous mixtures. If the strength could be reduced, 
diluted alcohol could be used as a menstruum, and this would be a desideratum when 
ordered in prescriptions variously combined. 

[The addition of tartaric acid might be advocated for the same reasons as were 
given above, under Linimentum Aconiti. The strength of the Brit. Pharm. tincture 
is about 1 in 8.] 



Tinctura Aloes. 



New Formula. 



Socotrine Aloes, No. 50 powder, 1 
Extract of Liquorice ... 1 
Alcohol, i in the propor- j 7 
Distilled Water, \ tion of ( 7 
to make 10 



Mac. 



ho 
HO 



Tincture of Aloes. 



Old Formula. 

480 grs. 
1,440 " 
3,012 " 
10,937 " 



7 
22.8 



1 
3 

7 
21 



156 

f The principal fault in the U. S. P. (1870) preparation is its deficiency in strength 
and activity. Although not largely prescribed, it is yet used sufficiently to be retained. 
No serious objection exists to increasing the strength, and the proposed increase to 
10$ is not deemed too great if it is desired to make the tincture really useful and 
active. 



Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae. 

New Formula. 

Socotrine Aloes, No. 50 powder, 1 Mac. 
Myrrh, No. 50 Powder ... 1 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, . 10 



Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh. 

Old- Formula. 

3 1 1,440 grs. 1 1 

3§ 1,440 "11 

2 O 12,040 " 8.4 10 



IF The dropping of saffron in this preparation has caused a greab deal of com- 
ment, and, in the opinion of the writer, it was a mistake, for although imparting little 
or no activity, its omission changed the character and appearance of this "time-hon- 
ored " remedy which had a prominent place in the posthumous work of Paracelsus; 
but as changes are to be deprecated, except when absolutely called for, it probably 
would, on the score of economy, as well as for the reason mentioned, be best to retain 
as nearly as possible the present formula. 



Tinctura Arnicae. 

New Formula. 

Arnica, No. 20 Powder . . 1 Perc. 

Alcohol, 

Water, 

Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 

make, 5 



Tincture of Arnica. 





Old Formula. 




6 I 

to 


2,880 grs. 1 
9,035 " 3.14 
3,646 " 1.25 


1 
3 

1 



2 O 



IF This preparation, used almost exclusively in popular practice, and believed to be 
devoid of medicinal activity when applied externally (and it is nearly always used in 
this way), might, in accordance with the suggestions of several pharmaceutical 
writers, be made with a menstruum of diluted alcohol. If tightly packed and perco- 
lated slowly with diluted alcohol it may be exhausted when made in the proportion 
of 1 in 5, and Rother asserts that when made with diluted alcohol, 2 oz. to the pint, 
precipitation is avoided. Sample submitted: 1 in 5 diluted alcohol. 



Tincture of Asafoetida. 



New Formula. 




Old Formula. 






1 Mac. 
. 5 


4§ 
20 


1,920 grs. 

12,046 " 


1 
6 


1 
5 



Tinctura Asafcetidae. 

Asafoetida, bruised, 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, 



IF The French and German pharmacopoeias direct a stronger tincture (1 : 5) than 
either the British or United States, and it would be desirable to diminish the quantity 
of alcohol in the preparation on account of its therapeutic incompatibility. This 
change is also recommended on the practical ground that the asafoetida of commerce 
seems to be depreciating in quality year by year, and as there is no standard adopted 
by the pharmacopoeia, and it would be difficult to prescribe a test for asafoetida which 
would be practical and reliable, better results from its use would follow an increase 
in strength. 



157 



Tinctura Aurantii. 

Bitter Orange Peel, No. 40 Pow- 
der, 

Diluted Alcohol, . 



Tincture of Orange Peel. 



New Formula. 



Perc. 



4S 
20 



Old Formula. 

1,920 grs. 
13,696 " 



,13 



T This preparation is principally used as a tonic, and added to other combinations 
for this effect. Although credited in the books with the possession of properties due 
to the presence of volatile oil, it is the opinion of your reporter that a large proportion 
of the best bitter orange peel obtainable in this country is devoid of the flavor of oil 
of orange, on account of the volatile character of the oil and its liabilility to change 
in the necessary drying of the peel. On this account, the introduction of another tinc- 
ture, for the purpose of flavoring, is suggested, to be made from fresh orange peel as 
follows : 



* Tinctura Aurantii Recentis. Tincture of Fresh Orange Peel. 

New Formula. 

The colored Portion of Sweet 
Orange Peel, recently sepa- 
rated from the Fruit by- 
grating, 1 Perc. 

Alcohol, sufficient to niake, . 5 

Pack the grated Orange Peel moderately in a cylindrical percolator, 
close the orifice with a cork and macerate for 24 hours, then remove the 
cork, and obtain by percolation, Jive parts 5 

% This formula differs somewhat from the British preparation, in being made by 
percolation instead of maceration. It is believed that by grating the rind the vesicles 
containing the oil would be more thoroughly broken up than if merely sliced, and 
that the length of time (7 days) required by the British formula for maceration could 
be thus reduced. The superiority of this preparation as a flavoring agent cannot be 
doubted. 



Tinctura Belladonnae. 

New Formula. 

Belladonna Leaves, recently 

dried, in No. 50 Powder, . 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 

make, 7 



Tincture of Belladonna. 

Old Formula. 



41 
20 



1,920 grs. 1 
13,696 ' ; 7. 



13 



1 In accordance with the views expressed by the chairman of the committee, as 
little change as possible is proposed for this dangerous preparation. The only sug- 
gestion which your reporter offers is to insert the word "moderately ' " before " fine " 
in the formula [~So. 50 powder means "'moderately fine;" "fine" would be No. 60 
powder], for it is believed that with the menstruum in the proportion of 7 to 1, thor- 
ough exhaustion can be accomplished without requiring the powder of the degree of 
fineness ordered in the pharmacopoeia of 1870. [As it is easier to obtain good bella- 
donna root of tolerably uniform strength, it would be better to make tincture of 
belladonna from the root, in the proportion of 1 root to 10 of diluted alcohol.] 



158 



Tincture of Benzoin. 



Tinctura Benzoini. 



Benzoin, No. 40 Powder, . 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, 



•T This tincture is best made by maceration. No change is recommended except 
the slight one of altering the strength a trifle in order to secure uniformity. 



New Formula. 




Old Formula, 






1 Mac. 
5 


61 
20 


2,880 grs. 
12,046 " 


1 
4.18 


1 
5 



Tinctura Benzoini Composita. 



Compound Tincture of Benzoin. 



Benzoin, No. 20 powder, 

Socotrine Aloes, No. 20 powder, 1 

Storax, 4 

Balsam of Tom, .... 2 

Alcohol, sufficient to make, . 50 



New Formula. 

. 6 Mac. 



31 

21 
11 
20 



Old Formula. 

1,440 grs. 

240 " 

960 " 

480 " 

12,046 " 



1 

4 

2 

50 



1 To follow out the custom of the previous revisions of the pharmacopoeia, this 
preparation should again be subjected to the pruning process. Your reporter, how- 
ever, would be well satisfied to recommend no change, for if this process of elimi- 
nation be continued much farther, the preparation itself might well be abandoned 
and substituted by the simple tincture. 



* Tinctura Buchu. Tincture of Buchu. 

New Formula. 

Buchu Leaves, No. 50 powder, 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 5 

1 There would seem to be a need for this preparation, as physicians continually 
prescribe it in combination with acetate of potassium and other diuretics which are, 
as they should be, given in large quantities of aqueous mixtures. Grahame has con- 
clusively proved that buchu can be thoroughly exhausted by a menstruum composed 
of Stronger Alcohol, 2 parts; Water, 1 part, in making a fluid extract {Am. Journ. 
Pharm., p. 350, 1859), and there is no difficulty in exhausting a relatively smaller 
quantity of drug with diluted alcohol. Alcohol is therapeutically contra-indicated in 
preparations intended to allay irritated conditions of the urinary passages, and this is 
another argument for the substitution of the weaker menstruum. 



Tincture of Calendula. 



[* Tinctura Calendulae. 

New Formula. 

Calendula, No. 20 powder, . . 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, ...... 5 



f There is considerable demand for this tincture in different portions of the coun- 
try. If it is to be introduced at all, it should be made precisely like Tinct. of Arnica.l 



159 



Tinctura Calumbae (a). 

Colombo, No. 50 powder, . 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 



41 
20 



Tincture of Colombo. 

[Old Formula. 

1,920 grs. 1 1 



13,696 



7.13 



*" Owing to the large proportion of pectin and starch present, and the mucilagin- 
ous character of Colombo, it is almost impossible to obtain satisfactory results from 
percolation, if the menstruum is hydro-alcoholic or if the drug is in fine powder as 
directed by the pharmacopoeia. The writer has for the last ten years been in the 
habit of using a No. 20 orj coarse powder |f or preparations of Colombo. In order to 
prevent precipitation it would be an improvement to increase the alcoholic strength, 
and therefore the following formula is suggested: 



Tinctura Calumbae (b). 

New Formula. 

1 Perc. 
Water, f m ™ propomon oi * 
to make, 10 



Colombo, No. 20 powder, . 

Alcohol, ) . , , , . . 

' m the proportion of 



Tincture of Colombo. 



Tinctura Cannabis (a). 



Tincture of Indian Hemp. 





New Formula. 




Old Formula. 






Extract of Indian Hemp, 


. . 1 Sol. 


63 


360 grs. 


1 


1 


Alcohol, . .... 


. . 14 


10 


6,023 » 


17 


u 



IT A slight increase in strength is recommended. Should not this preparation be 
made by percolating the crude drug itself, rather than the extract prepared from it, 
which is often unsatisfactory ? If so, then the following is proposed: 



Tincture of Indian Hemp. 



Tinctura Cannabis (&). 

New Formula. 

Indian Hemp, No. 50 powder, . 1 Perc. 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, . 5 

r i [The English title in the present U. S. Ph., "Tincture of Hemp," is an over- 
sight.] 






Tinctura Cantharidis (a). 

Cantharides, No. 60 powder, 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 



n 



20 



Tincture of Cantharides. 

Old Formula. 

480 grs. 1 



13,696 



28 






1 This preparation is rarely used internally, and, when so used, not often in com- 
bination with aqueous liquids, and the substitution of alcohol for diluted alcohol, as 
recommended by Kennedy and others, would be r an improvement. Its principal use 
is to act as a stimulant to the scalp in hair preparations, and the officinal tincture, 
besides containing inert extractive matter, is objectionable pharmaceutically in oaus- 



160 

ing turbid solutions in such preparations which almost invariably consist of alcohol 
holding in solution some fixed oil; the increase in strength in alcohol would not be 
objectionable therapeutically. The new formula proposed would be as follows: 



Tinctura Cantharidis (b). 

Cantharides, No. 50 powder, 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, 



New Formula. 

. 1 Perc. 
. 25 



Tincture of Cantharides. 



Tincture of Capsicum. 





Old Formula. 




1 




480 grs. 1 
13,696 " 28 


1 
29 



Tinctura Capsici (a). 

Capsicum, No. 60 powder, . 
Dil. Ale, sufficient to make, 



1 Stronger alcohol is a better solvent for the active principles of capsicum, but, 
according to Rother, has the disadvantage of separating fixed oil. The officinal prep- 
aration, on the other hand, is prone to be turbid and grow unsightly from precipita- 
tion. The recommendation to use hydrate of potassium to combine with the fixed oil 
and resinous portions to form a better solution is hardly necessary. Good results 
may be obtained through the use of a solvent between the two extremes, viz., alcohol 
(spec. gr. 0.835). The proposed new formula is: 



Tinctura Capsici (6). 

Capsicum, No. 60 powder, 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, 



New Formula. 



1 

25 



Perc. 



Tincture of Caspicum. 



Tinctura Cardamomi. 

New Formula. 

Cardamom, No. 60 powder, . 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 7 



IT No change recommended. 
Tinctura Cardamomi Composita (a). 



Cardamom, 
Caraway, 
Cinnamon, 
Cochineal, 



No. 50 powder. 



Clarified Honey, .... 

Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 

make, 



Tincture of Cardamom. 

Old Formula. 

41 1,920 grs. 1 

2 1, 



Compound Tincture of Cardamom. 





Old Formula. 






360 grs. 


360 " 


6 


6 


120 " 


120 " 


2 


2 


300 " 


300 " 


5 


5 


60 " 


60 " 


1 


1 


2! 


1,251 " 


20 


20 



38 fl. 3 16,264 grs. 270 266 



1 It has been well established by practical experience and noted by many writers, 
Squibb, Lemberger, and others, that it is better pharmacy to mix such drugs as those 



161 

contained in this preparation all together, and powder them together instead of 
separately, and then mixing the powders with each other as recommended by our 
pharmacopoeia. It was not thought desirable to change very greatly the character 
of this preparation which is justly regarded as one of tie elegant Itinctures; there is 
one improvement which, though slight, would simplify it without affecting the taste 
or color to any extent, i. e., the substitution of syrup for honey, as suggested by 
Wilder. It is yearly becoming more difficult for pharmacists in large cities and towns 
to obtain absolutely pure honey, and your reporter would recommend the dropping of 
honey from all preparations and substitution of sugar, where it can be convenie ntly 
done without materially affecting the utility or appearance of the preparation. 

Tinctura Cardamomi Composita (o). Compound Tincture of Oardamo m. 

New Formula. 

Cardamom, ) 4 Perc. 

Caraway, j 2 

Cinnamon, [ No. 50 powder, 4 

Cochineal, 1 

Sugar, J 12 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 

make, 200 

Mix all of the solid ingredients, powder them together, and pass them 
through a No. 50 sieve. Then percolate with Diluted Alcohol, to obtain 200 
parts. 

If [Glycerin is probably the best substitute for honey, where the latter enters in 
small quantities, into liquid pharmaceutical preparations, such as Tinct. Cardam. Co., 
or Tr. Opii Camphorata. It has been long used by some of those pharmacists who 
had difficulty in obtaining good honey. A third formula is therefore offered: ,' 

Tinctura Cardamomi Composita (c). Compound Tincture of Cardamom. 

Like the preceding, except that Glycerin, 12 parts* are substituted for the 
Sugar.] 

Tinctura Castorei. 

Castor, bruised, 

Alcohol, sufficient to make, 

1 With all due respect for the venerable age of this relic of antiquity, your reporter 
would feel quite satisfied to now let it depart in peace, and the Pharmacopaeia of 1880 
know it no more. If we must have it, however, would it not be well to increase the 
strength somewhat as proposed, 1 in 10 instead of 1 in 12)4 ? 







Tincture of Castor. 


v Formula. 




Old Formula. 


1 Mac. 


*l 


960 grs. 1 1 


10 


2 O 


12,046 < ; 12.5 10 



Tinctura Catechu * Composita. 

New Formula. 

Catechu, ) XT Kr , , 3 Perc. 

Cinnamon, f N °- «> powder, % 

Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 

make, 25 

11 



Compound Tincture of Catechu. 



35 





Old Formula. 




n 


1,440 grs. 


H 


2§ 


960 " 


1 



20 



13,696 



14 



162 

T The writer is clearly of the opinion that this preparation should have " Com- 
posita" attached to it, if accuracy in nomenclature is sought for. The Cinnamon is 
present in almost as large a quantity as the active ingredient, and is quite an impor- 
tant factor in the preparation. The title of a preparation should accurately indicate 
all of its component parts, or when this is inexpedient or impracticable, owing to the 
length of the name required, some addition like " compositus, a, urn" shoidd call 
attention invariably to the fact, so that physicians and others may not be misted. 



* Tinctura Chirettse. Tincture of Chiretta. 

New Formula. 

Chiretta, No. 20 powder, . . 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make 10 

1 Recommended on account of its frequent use by physicians (at least in Pennsyl- 
vania), associated with Taraxacum as a stimulant tonic in torpidity of the liver, and in 
combination with iron preparations for which it is well fitted on account of its freedom 
from tannin. 



Tincture of Cimidfuga. 



[* Tinctura Cimicifugae. 

New Formula. 

Cimicifuga, No. 80 powder, . 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 5 

1 This tincture is in considerable demand, and should be introduced.] 



Tinctura Cinchonse (a) . 

Yellow Cinchona, No. 50 pow- 
der, 

Alcohol, 

Water, 



Tincture of Cinchona. 



6! 

24 fl. I 
8fl. ? 



Old Formula. 

2,880 grs. 
9,034 " 
3,645 " 



4 
12 

4 



1 The cinchona preparations have been troublesome, and are likely to continue so. 
owing to the presence of coloring matter, and their liability to deposit a sediment of 
cinchona red, containing variable quantities of the valuable alkaloids. With the 
view of preventing precipitation, several expedients have been tried : first, increasing 
the alcoholic strength; second, the addition of glycerin. Whilst either of these plans 
partially effects the desired result, by holding the offending substances in solution, 
both are subject to the same objection : that, when diluted or mixed with other liquids 
differing in alcoholic strength, precipitation takes place. In view of these facts and 
the apparent impossibility of securing a tincture which, whilst miscible with aqueous 
mixtures without precipitation, will itself be permanent and not deposit, your 
reporter recommends that at least one point be reached, rather than lose both, and a 
menstruum be adopted which will prevent deposition of sediment and secure as much 
permanency as can be attained. The experience of Squibb, Taylor, and others point 
to the addition of glycerin as the best means of accomplishing this object, and as the 
result of personal experiments, and a consideration of the pros and cons advanced by 
various writers, the following formula is proposed. 



163 



Tinctura Cinchonas (&). 



Tincture of Cinchona. 



New Formula. 

Yellow Cinchona, No. 50 pow- 
der, 4 Perc. 




Alcohol, 1 . , . n . ., I 3 
... to be mixed m the _ 
Water, }■ 5 

Glycerin, j P™P OTtemof 2 
to make, 20 






Tinctura Cinchonae Composita (q). 


Compound Tincture of Cinchona. 


Red Cinchona, "} 

Bitter Orange Peel, ]- No. 50 powder. 

Serpentaria, 

Alcohol, 

Water, . . . . '. 




Old Formula. 

4 § 1,920 grs. 5.3 
3§ 1,440 " 4 
6 § 360 " 1 
30 fl. § 11,293 " 31.37 
10 fl. 1 4,557 " 12.66 



1 In accordance with the views previously expressed, it is suggested that the 
drugs in this preparation be not directed to be in powder, but that they shall be all 
mixed whole, and together be reduced to moderately fine powder. It is feared that 
too often powdered drugs are obtained from dealers deficient in activity, particularly 
if their virtues depend upon volatile oils or principles impaired by age, as is the case 
here. If the operator, to strictly adhere to the pharmacopoeia, is compelled to follow 
the course recommended, it is believed that a more active and perfect preparation 
will be the result. With regard to changes proposed in the formula, the restoration of 
saffron would personally be advocated by your reporter; but this will doubtless not 
meet with approval on the score of economy. The substitution of glycerin for a por- 
tion of the water and alcohol, for reasons before mentioned (see Tinctura Cinchonae), 
is recommended in the proposed new formula, which is as follows: 



Tinctura Cinchonas Composita (&). 



Compound Tincture of Cinchona. 



Red Cinchona, 
Bitter Orange Peel 
Serpentaria, 

Alcohol, "I tobemixedinth e pro- 
Glycerin, \ 
Water, j 
to make, 



! No. 50 pow 

der, 

j 



portions of 



New Formula. 

5 Perc. 

4 

1 

30 
15 



50 



Tinctura Cinnamomi. 

New Formula. 

Cinnamon, No. 50 powder, . 1 Perc. 

Alcohol, ) mixed in the propor- 6 

Water, \ tion of 4 

to make, 10 



Tincture of Cinnamon. 

Old Formuia. 

3§ 1,440 grs. 1 1 

21^ fl. I 8,030 " 5.57 6 

10§ fl. I 4,860 " 3.37 4 



f No change is recommended here, except the slight one necessary to reduce to 
convenient parts by weight. 



164 



* Tinctura Cocci. 

New Formula. 

Cochineal, No. 40 Powder, . . 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 10 



Tincture of Cochineal. 



Tinctura Colchici. 

New Formula. 

Colchicum Seed, No. 50 powder, 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 7 



4? 
20 



Tincture of Colchicum. 

Old Formula. 

1,920 grs. 1 1 



13,696 



7.13 



1 In accordance with the recommendation not to change the proportions of strong 
and dangerous tinctures, no alteration is suggested. 



Tinctura Conii. 

New Formula. 

Conium Leaves, No. 60 powder, 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make 7 



41 



2 O 



Tincture of Conium. 

Old Formula. 

1,920 grs. 1 



13,696 



7.13 



1 In view of the well-known superiority of the unripe fruit of conium and the 
equally well-known doubtful character of conium leaves, it would seem that there 
was but one course to pursue in this case, and that is, to make a tincture from the 
best and least variable portion of the plant, i. e., the unripe fruit. Now as alcohol is 
therapeuticaUy contra-indicated, it would be well to reduce the strength of the alco- 
hol, and the following is suggested. 



* Tinctura Conii Fructus. 

New Formula. 

Conium Seed, No. 50 powder, . 1 Perc. 

Alcohol, I mixed in the propor- 2 

Water, J tion of 5 

to make, 7 



Tincture of Conium Seed. 



Tincture of Saffron. 



* Tinctura Croci. 

New Formula. 

Saffron, 1 Mac. 

Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to & 

make, 10 Perc. 

T Suggested as useful for coloring, and the strength adopted by the French and 
German Pharmacopoeias is recommended. 



Tinctura Cubebae. 

New Formula. 

Cubeb, No. 50 powder, . . 1 Mac. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to & 

make, . . . . . . 7 Perc. 





Tincture of Cubeb. 




Old Formula. 


41 


1,920 grs. 1 1 


20 


13,696 " 7.13 7 



165 

T An alcoholic preparation of cubebs is oftentimes desired, although it is well 
known that if cubebs are to be thoroughly exhausted of their activity, an ethereal men- 
struum is preferable. The disadvantage of the oleoresin, however, is its inability to 
mix with aqueous mixtures, without the use of some emulsifying agent, whilst the 
tincture prepared as above may be mixed with alcoholic liquids containing water, in 
moderate quantities, without precipitation. Your reporter would suggest previous 
maceration here and slow percolation. 



Tinctura Digitalis. 

New Formula. 

Digitalis, No. 50 powder, . . 1 Perc. 4 § 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 7 

IT No change recommended. 



Tincture of Digitalis. 

Old Formula. 

1,920 grs. 1 1 



2 O 13,696 



7.13 



* Tinctura Erythroxyli. 







New Formula. 


Coca, No. 


50 powder, . 




1 


Perc. 


Diluted Alcohol, sufficient 


to 






make 






5 





Tincture of Coca. 



1 The tincture of this valuable drug will probably be more used than any other 
preparation, and the above formula is submitted. 



* Tinctura Eucalypti. 

New Formula. 

Eucalyptus, No. 50 powder, . 1 Perc. 
Alcohol, 5 



Tincture of Eucalyptus. 



If Although the oils from the Eucalyptus have been the favorite form of administer- 
ing the active principles present, it is believed that the tincture made as proposed will 
not cause, in moderate doses, the disagreeable eructations that usually follow the 
administration of the oil in capsule form, or in emulsions; in addition to this, the 
presence of the resins which have been shown to exist in Eucalyptus, probably have 
an important medicinal effect, and, therefore, the tincture made with an alcoholic 
menstruum will be a more thorough representative of the drug than the oil prepared 
by distillation. Although diluted alcohol in larger quantity proportionately might have 
exhausted the drug, in this case it is deemed better to make a stronger tincture and 
keep the dose smaller, as its taste is not agreeable. 

[In view of the difficulty of getting Eucalyptus leaves into a condition permitting 
their reduction to powder, without loss of volatile oil, it would seem to be preferable 
to prepare the tincture by macerating the cut and bruised leaves with alcohol for 7 
days, then straining, expressing, and gradually washing with alcohol, until 5 parts of 
the tincture are obtained from 1 part of the drug. This tincture, as well as some 
others, could, in a well appointed laboratory, be best prepared by digesting the cut 
leaves with alcohol in a large flask or other suitable vessel, standing on a water-bath 
and provided with an upright cooler. This process consumes but a short time, and 
completely exhausts the drug. Yet it is doubtful whether such a process should be 
recognized by the pharmacopoeia.] 



166 



Tinctura Ferri Chloridi. 



New Formula. 

Solution of Chloride of Iron, . 7 Sol. 

Alcohol, 13 



Tincture of Chloride of Iron. 

Old Formula. 

8 fl. I 4,940 grs. 1 7 

24 fl. I 9,132 " 1.85 13 



1 No change recommended in this preparation. 



Tinctura Gallae (a). 

Nutgall, No. 50 powder, 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 



4! 
20 



Tincture of Nutgall. 

Old Formula. 

1,920 grs. 1 



13,696 



7.13 



1 This tincture could well be made stronger and then be uniform with the tinc- 
ture officinal in the French and German pharmacopoeias, and precipitation retarded 
by addition of glycerin, as follows: 



Tinctura Gallae (&). 

New Formula. 

Nutgall, No. 50 powder, . . 2 Perc. 

Glycerin, 1 

Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 

make, 10 



Tincture of Nutgall. 



Tincture of Yellow Jasmine. 



* Tinctura Gelsemii. 

New Formula. 

Yellow Jasmine, No. 60 powder, 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, .... 5 



If This belonging to the dangerous class of tinctures, it was deemed best to make 
it of the same strength as colchicum, digitalis, belladonna, etc., especially as with this 
menstruum the quantities seem to be well adjusted. 



Tinctura Gentianae Corrfposita. 
Gentian, 1 



New Formula. 

4 Perc. 
Bitter Orange Peel, P"' der P ° W " 2 
Cardamon, J ' 1 

Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 

make, 50 



Compound Tincture of Gentian. 





Old Formula 






2! 


960 grs. 


4 


4 


n 


480 " 


2 


1 


hi 


240 " 


1 


1 



2 O 13,696 



57.6 50 



1 The same recommendation is made with this tincture, namely to have all of the 
drugs mixedj before being contused and powdered together. A slight increase in 
strength is suggested, in order to round off the parts. 



"* Tinctura Grindeliae. 

Grindelia, No. 20 powder, . 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, 



167 



New Formula. 

. 1 Mac. & 
. 5 Perc. 



Tincture of Orindelia. 



U Owing to the large quantity of oleoresinous substance coating the drug, it is 
difficult to powder it. It may be, however, macerated for 24 hours with two parts of 
menstruum, this poured off and reserved, the drug then drained and dried, when it may 
be readily powdered. Now, if the powdered drug is placed in a percolator the mace- 
rate may be first added, followed by sufficient alcohol to make the finished product 
weigh five parts. |H both G-rindelia robusta and G. squarrosa are introduced into the 
U. S. Ph., it would be necessary to qualify the title of this tincture by the correspond- 
ing Species name.] 







Tincture of Guaiae. 


Sew Formula. 

. 1 Mac. 
. 5 


61 
20 


Old Formula. 

2,880 grs. 1 1 
12,046 " 4.18 5 



Tinctura Guaiaci. 

Guaiae, No. 20 powder, . 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, 

U Although the U. S. Pharmacopoeia of 1870 recommends percolation as the proper 
process for this preparation, the experience of the writer is against it as there directed 
to be carried out. It is almost impossible ^to prevent stratification in packing the 
mixture of sand and guaiae resin which vary considerably in specific gravity; the 
tendency of the sand being to fall, and the guaiae resin to rise in the process of pack- 
ing. To this is added the reasonable likelihood of the strong solution of guaiae resin 
becoming so thick before it is permitted to drop into the receiving bottle, that it will 
not percolate at all. Maceration here is plainly indicated, particularly as the resin is 
almost entirely soluble in alcohol. 



Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata. 

New Formula. 

•Guaiae, No. 20 powder, . . 1 Mac. 
Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, 
sufficient to make, ... 5 

If To be made by maceration. 



Ammoniated Tincture of Guaiae. 





Old Formula. 






61 


2,880 grs. 


1 


1 


20 


12,672 " 


4.4 


5 



Tincture of Guar ana. 



* Tinctura Guaranae. 

New Formula. 

Guarana, No. 50 powder, . . 1 Perc . 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, . 5 



f This formula produces an agreeable preparation, and will doubtless be a 
favorite mode of exhibiting the drug. 



Tinctura Hellebori. 

New Formula. 

Black Hellebore, No. 50 powder, 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, ■ 7 



Tincture of Black Hellebore. 

OldCFormula, 

41 1,920 grs. 1 1 



2 13,696 " 



7.13 



1 No change recommended. 



168 
Tinctura Humuli. 

New Formula. 

Hops, well dried, No. 20 powder, 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, . . . . . . 5 



5! 



20 



Tincture of Hops. 

Old Formula. 

2,4000 grs. 1 1 



13,696 



5.7 



1 A preparation which might well be dispensed with in the writer's opinion. It is 
difficult to exhaust with the quantity of menstruum adopted by the U. S. Pharmaco- 
poeia of 1870, and if the quantity of menstruum were increased, the dose would be too 
large for practical purposes; the amount of alcohol in the dose neutralizing the 
benefit derived from the hops when used as a narcotic, for which purpose it is prin- 
cipally employed. The British preparation is weaker, but made with a similar 
menstruum. 



Tincture of Hydrastis. 



* Tinctura Hydrastis. 

New Formula. 

Hydrastis, No. 50 powder. . . 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 5 

1 Suggested as a useful preparation of an indigenous remedy largely used in the 
West and South. 



inctura Hyoscyami. 

New Formula. 

Hyoscyamus Leaves, No. 50 pow- 
der, 1 Perc. 

Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 7 

If No change recommended. 



±1 
20 



Tincture of Hyoscyamus. 

Old Formula. 

1,920 grs. 1 1 

13,696 " 7.13 7 





Old Formul 


i. 




1 


480 grs. 
6,023 " 


1 
12.5 


1 
10 



Tinctura Iodinii. Tincture of Iodine. 

New Formula. 

Iodine, . 1 Sol. 

Alcohol, 10 

1 There would seem to be no good reason why this tincture (or, more properly, 
solution) could not be brought into line with the class of tinctures which are made in 
the proportion of 1 to 10, and thus made uniform with the preparation officinal in the 
German pharmacopoeia. This would probably make a saturated solution which would 
be a good starting point, easily borne in mind, and convenient if further dilution 



Tinctura Iodinii Composita. 

New Formula. 

Iodine, 2 Sol. 

Iodide of Potassium, ... 4 
Alcohol, 50 



Compound Tincture of Iodine. 

Old Formula. 

i I 240 grs. 1 2 

15 480 " 2 4 

10 6,023 " 25 50 



169 • 

*[ The necessity for this preparation, in the writer's opinion, is not apparent; it is 
one-half the strength in iodine of the simple tincture, and possesses greater solubility 
in water and aqueous mixtures than the simple tincture, but its place is probably much 
better filled by the well-known aqueous solution Liquor Iodinii Compositus. This 
solution is somewhat stronger, and mixes in all proportions with water, so that it may 
be readily diluted, and the dropping of the Tinctura Iodinii Composita would end the 
confusion which has arisen so frequently, owing to having two preparations so nearly 
alike in appearance and physical properties. This plan would leave two well-marked 
and clearly defined solutions of iodine — one, the simple tutcture made 1 to 10 with 
alcohol, and intended exclusively for external application; the other, a compound 
aqueous solution for internal use, and which is capable of indefinite dilution with 
water without precipitation. 



Tinctura Jalapse. 

New Formula. 

Jalap, No. 50 powder, ... 1 Perc. 

Alcohol, ) mixed in the propor- 3 

Water, \ tion of 2 

to make 5 



Tincture of Jalap. 

Old Formula. 

6 1 2,880 grs. 1 1 

21| fl. I 8,030 " 2.78 3 
lOffl. I 4,860 " 1.69 2 



\ A tincture rarely used, but unquestionably more permanent and effective if the 
alcoholic strength of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia of 1870 is adopted. The British formula 
requires diluted alcohol, but no great loss would follow if this preparation were 
dropped entirely from both Pharmacopoeias. 



Tinctura Kino (a). 



Kino, 

Alcohol, 

Water, 



Tincture of Kino. 



61 
2§fl. I 



Old Formula. 

360 grs. 1 

2,207 " 6.13 

1,214 " 3.38 



1 The present officinal preparation, when finished, seems to be satisfactory; but 
when first made has the disadvantage of occasionally becoming gelatinous. Prof. 
Diehl states that, if care is taken to observe strictly the pharmacopceial mixture of 
alcohol and water, he has not observed it to gelatinize, and he recommends powdering 
the kino quite fine, triturating with the mixture of alcohol and water just as is usual 
in making solutions extemporaneously, shaking the whole mixture vigorously for half 
an hour, and filtering. The writer's experience does not exactly coincide with that of 
Prof. Diehl, for this tincture made with officinal menstruum will gelatinize if kept a 
sufficient length of time exposed, as such a preparation would be likely to be, only used 
occasionally as it is called for, and remaining in the shop bottle on the shelf. The 
process recommended by P. F. Smith (see U. S. Dispensatory, 13th edition, p. 1467) has 
never failed in the writer's hands to produce a tincture which would always remain 
fluid. This was modified, however, by the substitution of the officinal menstruum for 
the diluted alcohol. The objection to the process is the introduction of the ground 
logwood which, whilst harmless as a medicinal agent in the quantity mentioned, would 
be criticised as savoring of empiricism, and should not be adopted except as a dernier 
ressort. The plan of Fox (Am. Jour. Pharm., June, 1877) has yielded satisfactory 
results. His modification is a menstruum of four measures of alcohol, one of water, 
one of glycerin, and in your reporter's opinion is the best, and the following process 
is therefore recommended. 



Tinctura Kino (&). 



Kino, . 

Alcohol, 1 

Water, [ 

Glycerin, j 



mixed in the pro- 
portion of 



to make, 



170 



New Formula. 

. 2 
12 

3 

3 
20 



Tincture of Kino. 



Rub the Kino to a powder in a mortar, and add from time to time por- 
tions of the menstruum of Alcohol, Water, and Glycerin, until a perfectly 
smooth, thin paste is made; transfer this to a bottle, add the rest of menstruum 
and shake occasionally for 24 hours, then filter, pass enough menstruum 
through the filter to obtain 20 parts, and preserve in well-stopped bottles. 



Tinctura Krameriae. 

New Formula. 

Rhatany, No. 50 powder, . . 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 5 

If No change recommended. 



61 



20 



Tincture of Krameria. 



Old Formula. 

2,880 grs. 1 



13,696 



4.8 



Tinctura Lobeliae. 



Tincture of Lobelia. 



New Formula. Old Formula. 

Lobelia, No. 50 powder, . . 1 Perc. 4§ 1,920 grs. 1 1 

Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 

make, 5 2 13,696 " 7.13 5 

1 There is no good reason why this tincture could not be brought into the class 
1 in 5, as it yields its virtues readily to the menstruum, and it would then be of the same 
strength as the French preparation. An ethereal tincture of lobelia might be intro- 
troduced, but it is rarely used in the writer's locality. 



Tinctura Lupulinae. 

Lupulin, 

Alcohol, sufficient to make, 



New Formula. 

. 1 Perc. 
. 5 



4! 
20 



Tincture of Lupulin. 

Old Formula. 

1,920 grs. 1 1 

12,046 " 6.3 5 



T Recommended for a place in the class 1 in 5. It is hardly used enough to war- 
rant the change advocated by some writers, of substituting aromatic spirit of ammo- 
nia for alcohol. 



Tinctura Myrrhae (a). 

Myrrh, No. 40 powder, 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, 



31 
20 



Tincture of Myrrh. 



Old Formula. 

1,440 grs. 
12,046 " 



1 
8.4 



171 

H Whilst our Pharmacopoeia of 1870 recommends percolation for this preparation, 
and it is quite possible to obtain good results from percolation, your reporter believes 
that a better preparation and one more uniform all over the country could be made 
by resorting to maceration. The difficulty of making a homogeneous powder adapted 
for percolation, if the myrrh is in good fresh condition, is a prominent objection, and, 
of course, the steam-dried, dusted powder of the shops should never be used in pre- 
paring the tincture, as it has lost a. large proportion of its activity through the evapo- 
ration of the volatile oil. In view of these points the following formula is suggested. 



Tinctura Myrrhae (6). 

Myrrh, No. 40 powder, 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, 

Macerate 7 days. 
Tinctura Nucis Vomicae (a). 

Nux Vomica, No. 60 powder, 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, 



Tincture of Myrrh. 



New Formula. 

1 Mac. 
. 5 



Tincture of Nux Vomica. 

Old Formula. 

8 I 3,840 grs. 

2 12,046 " 3.14 



H This valuable preparation seems to be gaining in popularity and usefulness, par- 
ticularly in large cities and towns where nervous affections, and those needing power- 
ful tonics, are prevalent. The principal practical objection to its employment by 
most medical practitioners is the uncertainty in its strength. This may arise from 
several causes: 1. from the lack of care in having the drug in fine powder. This is of 
great importance in this preparation, on account of the very hard and intractable 
nature of the structure of nux vomica seeds. 2. From neglecting to strictly carry out 
the digesting process recommended by the Pharmacopoeia of 1870. 3. From percolating 
too rapidly. Nux vomica is a difficult drug to exhaust thoroughly, and a very effective 
preparation may be made if the formula is strictly carried out. It is believed, however, 
by the writer that a better and more uniform preparation would be produced by mak- 
ing the strength 1 in 5, and by directing a previous maceration for 48 hours, the orifice 
of the percolator being closed when the percolate begins to drop. This would give 
more menstruum to exhaust a given quantity of drug, and there would seem to be no 
grave objection to this, when it is considered that the dose is very small, and the 
slight increase in the quantity of alcohol would be too trifling to be objectionable. 



Tincture of Nux Vomica. 



New Formula. 

1 Perc. 
5 



Tinctura Nucis. Vomicae (6). 

Nux Vomica, No. 60 powder, 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, 

Moisten the powder, pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator, pour on 
sufficient menstruum to cause the percolate to drop, then close the orifice of 
the percolator with a cork and allow it to stand forty-eight hours. Now re- 
move the stopper and obtain five parts of percolate. 

t [Nux Vomica, like Eucalyptus (see above under Tinct. Eucalypti), maybe readily 
exhausted by using digestion in an apparatus provided with an upright cooler. Another 
method, which, in practice, would probably yield more uniform methods, in the hands of 
the average operator, than percolation of the powder on a small scale, would be, to make 
this tincture from the dried alcoholic extract. Of course, this would make it desirable 
to introduce some process of assay, in order to afford a criterion as to the quality of 



172 

the commercial extract. Yet, as it is not always certain whether the pharmacist would 
obtain a reliable extract in the market— although there are excellent extracts of Nux 
Vomica of tolerably uniform strength— it seems that the following modification of 
the process would yield good and uniform results. The formula is based on the 
assumption, which is believed to be correct, that Nux Vomica yields on an average 
10# of dry extract. 

Tinctura Nucis Vomicae (c). Tincture of Nux Vomica. 

New Formula. 

Nux Vomica, in No, 60 powder, 1 Perc. 
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity, q. s. 

Moisten the powder, pack it firmly in a conical percolator, pour on suffi- 
cient Alcohol to cause the percolate to drop, then close the orifice of the per- 
colator with a cork, and allow to stand for 48 hours. Now remove the stopper 
and percolate with Alcohol until the Nux Vomica is exhausted, or nearly so. 
Subject the tincture to distillation, on a water-bath, until the residue weighs 
four parts; evaporate a small weighed portion of this residue to dryness and 
constant weight, in order to ascertain the quantity of dry extract contained 
in the remaining tincture ; and finally add enough Alcohol to the latter, so that 
one hundred parts of it may contain two parts of dry extract. 

Tinctura Opii (a). Tincture of Opium. 

Old Formula 

Opium, in No. 50 powder, . . • Mac. 
Water, ....... & 

Alcohol, . . . . . . Perc. 



m 1,200 grs. 1 

1 O 7,271 " 6 

1 O 6,023 " 5 



1 The present officinal process is not usually followed by those who make this 
most valuable of all the tinctures, particularly in the manner of extracting the active 
principles of the opium. That the present process, if faithfully carried out, produces 
good results cannot be denied, but it is believed that the six days' maceration, as there 
directed, three days with water and three in contact with alcohol, is an unnecessary 
waste of time. There seems to be no good reason why the first maceration with water 
should not be done with hot water, which has the property of softening the hard 
lumps and greatly assisting in their disintegration, and then twelve hours' time will 
easily suffice to form a smooth mixture in which all of the principles soluble in water 
will be retained in the solution. There are some reasons, which are quite important, 
for diminishing the quantity of alcohol in laudanum. Therapeutically the alcohol is 
not wanted, although the quantity is small, when taken in ordinary doses. But since 
narcotina, which is believed to be the nauseating principle, is soluble in 100 parts of 
cold alcohol, and almost entirely insoluble in water, a reduction in the quantity of 
alcohol would be indicated. Pharmaceutically, the advantages of having the tincture 
remain hydro-alcoholic require consideration. It is frequently used in liniments which 
are alcoholic, and sometimes contain considerable quantities of volatile oils, and the 
proposition would doubtless be made to keep laudanum of the present alcoholic 
strength and retain it principally for external use, and use the deodorized tincture 
internally. In view of these points the following modification is proposed. 

Tinctura Opii (b). Tincture of Opium. 

NewJFormula. 

Opium, in No. 20 powder, . . 1 Mac. 

Water, a sufficient quantity, q. s. & 

Alcohol, a sufficient quantity, q. s. Perc. 

to make, 10 



173 

Triturate the powdered Opium in a mortar with four parts of water at 90° 
C. (=194° F.) until a smooth mixture is produced, allow it to stand twelve 
hours, then add four parts of Alcohol, transfer the mixture at once to a perco- 
lator arranged for percolation, and return the first portion of percolate until it 
becomes clear. When it ceases to drop, add a mixture of one part of Water and 
one part of Alcohol, and sufficient additional menstruum of the same alcoholic 
strength, to make the final percolate weigh ten parts. 

T [This would, at the same time, make the tincture of the strength recommended 
for the opium preparations under Acetum Opii.] 



Tinctura Opii Acetata. 

Opium, No. 50 powder, 
Distilled Vinegar, . 
Alcohol, . 



Mac. 



12 fl. 
8fl. 



Acetated Tincture of Opium. 

Old Formula. 

I 960 grs. 1 

I 5,469 " 5 

I 3,012 " 3 



IT This preparation which had a local reputation at one time, has deservedly fallen 
into disuse, even in the locality in which it originated, and in the writer's opinion 
should not have a place in our next Pharmacopoeia. [If it is retained, the distilled 
vinegar should be replaced by diluted acetic acid.] 



Tinctura Opii Camphorata (a). 



Opium, No. 50 powder, . . Mac. 

Benzoic Acid. . 

Camphor, . 

Oil of Anise, 

Clarified Honey, 

Diluted Alcohol, 

T The long maceration of seven days is cez-tainly unnecessary in this preparation ; 
the great excess of menstruum here leaves no possible room for doubt of thorough 
exhaustion. If some modification in the manipulation is made, the following is pro- 



Camphorated Tincture of Opium. 


1 


Old Formula. 


60 grs. 


60 grs. 4 


60 " 


60 " 4 


40 " 


40 " 3 


50 " 


50 " 3 


960 " 


960 " 60 


2 O 


13,696 " 900 



Tinctura Opii Camphorata (5). 

New Formula. 

Opium, No. 20 powder, . . 1 Mac. 

Benzoic Acid, 1 

Camphor, 1 

Oil of Anise, 1 

Sugar, 10 

Water, at 90° C. (=194° F.), . 5 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 

make, 200 



Camphorated Tincture of Opium. 



174 

Rub the powdered Opium aud Sugar with the Water at a temperature of 
90° C. (= 194° F.), added gradually until smooth. Dissolve the Benzoic Acid, 
Camphor, and Oil of Anise in one hundred and seventy-five parts of Diluted 
Alcohol and mix all together. Macerate for twelve hours, filter, and add 
sufficient Diluted Alcohol to make the whole weigh two hundred parts. 

[As stated above, under Tinctura Cardamomi Co., glycerin is an excellent substi- 
tute for the honey heretofore used in this preparation. It imparts to the tincture the 
same agreeable sweetness which good honey does; it may always be had of good 
quality, and it does not irritate the stomach even of the most delicate infant. In 
accordance with the recommendation given under Acetum Opii, it is advised to make 
this preparation of the strength: 1 in 250. At present the strength is 1 gr. in about 
256 minims; these latter weigh between 230 and 240 grains; and, owing to the common 
domestic use of this preparation, particulary for children, its strength should not be 
increased. The formula would therefore be: 



Tinctura Opii Camphorata (c). 

New Formula. 

Opium, No. 50 powder, . . 1 Mac. 
Benzoic Acid, ..... 1 

Camphor, 1 

Oil of Anise, . . . . . * 1 

Glycerin, 10 

Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 

make, 250 



Camphorated Tincture of Opium.] 





Deodorized Tincture 


of Opium. 






Old Formula. 




Mac. 


m 


1,200 grs. 


1 1 


etc. 


8fl. I 


2,734 " 


2| 2 




8fl. 5 


3,012 " 


2£ 2 




24 fl. 1 


10,936 " 


9± 8 



Tinctura Opii Deodorata (a). 

Opium. No. 50 powder, 
Ether, ...... 

Alcohol, 

Water 



f The manipulations recommended by Davis, by which the time required in mak- 
ing this preparation is said to be shortened, is not recommended by your reporter. 
He uses boiling hot water for exhausting the opium, expresses the residue, evaporates, 
treats with alcohol to precipitate gum, pectin, and other inert substances taken up by 
the hot water, niters, and washes precipitate with alcohol, distils off the alcohol, 
evaporates to proper consistence, then deodorizes with ether or by the process of the 
present Pharmacopoeia. Few will admit that this simplifies the Pharmacopoeia pro- 
cess, whilst it undoubtedly adds to the expense. The modification recommended by 
Ebert, that of substituting benzin for ether in the deodorizing process, although good 
from an economical point of view, has this disadvantage that, whilst depriving the 
opium of its peculiar odor, it is very apt to substitute an odor of its own which is far 
more objectionable; and the ability of benzin to take the place of ether as a solvent 
for the objectionable matters needs further investigation. The results obtained by 
the Pharmacopoeia process of 1870 have certainly been gratifying. The following is 
proposed as the new formula. 



175 
Tinctura Opii Deodorata (&). Deodorized Tincture of Opium. 

New Formula. 

Opium, No. 50 powder, . . 1 Mac. 

Ether, 2 etc. 

Alcohol, 2 

Water, sufficient to make, . . 10 

Rub the powdered Opium in a mortar with four parts of Water gradually- 
added until thorough softened, then set aside for twelve hours, express, and 
repeat the operation twice with the same quantity of Water. Mix the ex- 
pressed liquids, and, having evaporated the mixture to two parts, allow it to 
cool, and shake it in a bottle repeatedly with the Ether. Pour off the ethereal 
solution, when it has separated by standing, and evaporate the remaining 
liquid until all traces of Ether have disappeared. Mix the residue with five 
parts of Water and filter the mixture through paper. When the liquid has 
ceased to pass, add enough Water, through the filter, to make the filtered 
liquid weigh eight parts. Lastly add Alcohol two parts, and mix them to- 
gether. 

[* Tinctura Persionis. Tincture of Cudbear. 

Cudbear, 1 Perc. 

Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 10 

T This is suggested as a coloring agent, particularly for acid liquids. Regarding 
the employment of coloring matters, compare remarks to Syrupus Phosphatum Co. 
Since cudbear is only a secondary and complex product, containing the coloring mat- 
ters of certain lichens, it would not be proper to use the name of one of the latter as 
a title. One of the synomyms of cudbear, namely Persio, can be latinized without 
difficulty.] 

* Tinctura Pilocarpi. Tincture of Jaborandi. 

Jaborandi, No. 50 powder, . 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 5 

t A convenient form for administering this valuable drug. 

* Tinctura Pyrethri. Tincture of Pellitory. 

Pellitory, No. 50 powder, . . 1 Perc. I 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, . 5 

t Recommended on account of its convenience in administering the drug, its 
more extended use in mouth washes, and as a local stimulant. 

Tinctura Quassia*. Tincture of Quassia. 



New Formula. 

Quassia, No. 50 powder, . . 1 Mac. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to & 

make, 10 Perc. 



Old Formula. 

2 1 960 grs. 1 

2 13,696 " 15.2 



176 

f Maceration for 2 days, with subsequent percolation, is recommended here, on 
account of the slowness with which the drug yields all of its bitter principle to men- 
strua. It might be brought into the class 1 in 10. The French tincture 1 in 5 is believed 
to contain an insufficient quantity of menstruum to extract the virtues of the drug, 
and the bitterness would be excessive. 



Tinctura Rhei *et Cardamomi. Tincture of Rhubarb * and Cardamom. 

New Formula. 

Rhubarb, No. 40 powder, . . 6 Perc. 3 % 

Cardamom, No. 50 powder, 1 \1 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 

make, 50 2 



Old Formula. 

1,440 grs. 
240 " 

13,696 " 



If In view of the fact that compound tinctures are frequently used, and of the im- 
propriety previously alluded to of directing important drugs to be used as adjuvants 
in officinal preparations without calling attention to the fact through the title, the 
writer proposes that the name of the Tincture of Rhubarb be corrected to Tinctura 
Rhei et Cardamomi, or that the cardamom be dropped. As the preparation is now 
largely used, it would probably be best to retain the cardamom. 



Tinctura Rhei Aromatica. 



Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb. 



New Formula. 




Old Formula. 




Rhubarb, No. 40 powder, . . 10 


Perc. 


m 


1,200 grs. 


10 


Cloves, 1 2 




ki 


240 " 


2 


Cinnamon, \ No. 50 powder, 2 




hi 


240 " 


2 


Nutmegs, j 1 




120 grs. 


120 " 


1 


Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 










make, . . . ... .50 




1 O 


6,848 " 


50 



If This is not a new preparation ; it is the tincture so largely made for the active 
portion of the spiced syrup of rhubarb. The combination of aromatics is one of the 
best that can be devised, and the convenience to the pharmacist of having a tincture 
which can be made in quantity, and kept indefinitely, or converted by simple admix- 
ture into the officinal syrup, is apparent. To the physician it is no less convenient. 
He has an excellent liquid preparation of rhubarb, combined with aromatics, without 
the sugar, which is objectionable in some cases, and with the stimulating effects of 
the alcohol therein contained. If a weaker preparation is desired, dilution or combi- 
nation with a medicated water is open to him. The strength of rhubai'b proposed 
corresponds closely with the one recommended by the Pharmacopoeia, under Syrupus 
Rhei Aromaticus, which is nearly 1 in 5. 



* Tinctura Rhei Dulcis. 



Rhubarb, No. 40 powder, . . 8 
Liquorice Root "| 4 

Anise, ]■ No. 50 powder, 4 
Cardamom, j 1 

Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 100 



New Formula. 

8 Perc. 



Sweet Tincture of Rhubarb. 

Usual Unofficinal Formula. 

1 1 480 grs. 

kl 240 " 

*5 240 « 

13 60 " 



1 6,848 " 

1 A preparation combining the purgative properties of rhubarb with the well- 



177 

known effect which liquorice possesses, of covering the taste of disagreeable remedies. 
It is similar to preparations recommended by Taylor, Jones, and other writers, 
and in some localities is largely used, and is valuable as an adjuvant to mixtures in 
children's diseases. 



Tinctura Rhei et Sennae. 

Rhubarb, 
Senna, 
Coriander, 
Fennel, 

Extract of Liquorice, 
Raisins, deprived of seeds, . 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient 
make, . . . 



Perc. 



No. 40 
powder. 



to 



Tincture of Rhubarb and Senna. 
1! 

23 
13 
13 
hi 
61 



30 



t This relic of antiquity, and probably the best representative in the whole list of 
tinctures of polypharmacy, should have been termed Compound Tincture of Raisins, 
for, as will be seen, raisins outnumber rhubarb 6 to 1. It has doubtless been kept 
alive, and has had a place in the Pharmacopoeia through " auld lang syne " associa- 
tions, and the virtues possessed by raisins in alleviating "gout," were no doubt better 
understood by " "Warner " than by therapeutists of the present day. Its place, in the 
writer's opinion, would be filled better through the use of the sweet tincture or aro- 
matic tincture, to which senna may be added if such addition is desired. 



Tincture of Bloodroot. 



Tinctura Sanguinariae. 

New Formula. 

Bloodroot, No. 50 powder, . 1 Perc. 

Alcohol, I mixed in the propor- 5 

Water, ) tion of 2 

to make, 7 

H A menstruum composed of 5 alcohol, 2 water is suggested, retaining the old 
proportions as nearly as possible. 





Old Formula. 




41 


1,920 grs. 


1 


24 fl. oz. 


9,035 " 


5 


8 fl. oz. 


3,646 " 


2 


20 







Tinctura Scillae. 

New Formula. 

Squill, No. 40 powder, . . 1 Mac. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to & 

make, 7 Perc. 



41 



20 



Tincture of Squill. 

Old; Formula. 

1,920 grs. 1 1 



13,696 



7.33 7 



1 The quantity of diluted alcohol recommended in the formula is deemed insuffi- 
cient to moisten the squill properly, and on account of its property of swelling so 
enormously, maceration and expression probably would produce better results here 
than percolation. If percolation is preferred, a preliminary soaking of twenty-four 
hours in 4 parts of menstruum is recommended. 



Tinctura Serpentariae. 

New Formula. 

Serpentaria, No. 50 powder, . 1 Perc'. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 10 

12 



Tincture of Serpentaria- 





Old Formula. 






41 


1,920 grs. 


1 


1 


20 


13,696 " 


7.13 


10 



178 

T Recommended to be made of the strength 1 in 10, as the increase in dose of 
alcohol would not be objectionable therapeutically, and the Fluid Extract is available 
if greater strength is needed. 



Tinctura Stramonii. 

New Formula. 

Stramonium Seed, No. 50 pow- 
der, 1 Perc. 

Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, ... . . .10 

IT No change recommended. 

[* Tinctura Sumbul. 

Sumbul, No. 40 powder, . . 1 Perc. 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, . 10 



Tincture of Stramonium. 

Old Formula. 

41 1,920 grs. 1 

2 13,696 " 7.13 

Tincture of Sumbul. 



1 In some sections of the country this tincture is in considerable demand.] 



Tinctura Thujae. 

Arbor Vitee, No. 50 powder, . 1 Perc. 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, . 5 



Tincture of Arbor Vital. 



If Recommended as a good method for the administration of this drug, which is 
now coming into use. 

[It is maintained by careful observers, and appears to be borne out by expe- 
rience, that dried Arbor Vitse is devoid of the medicinal properties, for which the 
fresh drug has acquired a reputation. Although chemistry can often detect no differ- 
ence in the constituents of vegetable drugs, before and after drying, except the 
loss of moisture, and perhaps of a little volatile oil, yet there seems to be no doubt 
that in a number of cases a marked therapeutical difference exists between prepara- 
tions made from the fresh and from the dried drugs. This is particularly asserted to 
be the case with Tincture of Arbor Vitae. Hence it ought to be prepared in accordance 
with the general formula for Tincturce ex Herbis Recentibus, which will be found at 
the end of the list of Tincturee. Its proper title would then be Tinctura Thujce 
Recentis.] 



Tinctura Tolutana. 

New Formula. 

Balsam of Tolu, .... 1 Mac. & 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, . 10 Filtr. 

1 To be prepared by maceration and filtration. 



3§ 
20 



Tinctura Valerianae. 

New Formula. 

Valerian, No. 50 powder, . . 1 Perc. 
Diluted Alcohol, sufficient to 
make, 5 



4| 
20 



Tincture of Tolu. 

Old Formula. 

1,440 grs. 1 1 



12,046 



8.37 



Tincture of Valerian. 

Old Formula. 

1,920 grs. 1 



13,696 " , 



7.13 



179 

t 1 It is recommended to increase the strength somewhat and to diminish the dose, 
as alcohol is contraindicated, and the amount of menstruum is ample to exhaust the 
drug. 



Tinctura Valerianae Atnmontata. 



Ammoniated Tincture of Valerian. 



New Formula. 

Valerian, No. 50 powder, . . 1 Perc. 
Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia, . 5 

1 This tincture is recommended to be made by percolation in a glass percolator, 
and the strength is proposed to be the same as in the case of Tincture of Valerian. 





Old Formula. 




4! 


1,920 grs. 


1 


20 


12,672 " 


6.7 



* Tinctura Vanillae. 



Tincture of Vanilla. " Essence of Vanilla. 



Vanilla, fine cut and bruised, . 1 

Sugar, 2 

Water, ) . . , ,. . 3 

Alcohol, [m the proportion of ? 

to make, 10 



Mac. 



Perc. 



Macerate the cut and bruised Vanilla in half of the menstruum for twelve 
hours, then pour off the macerate, express the residue, then transfer it to a 
mortar, and beat it with the Sugar into a uniform powder. Pack this in a 
percolator, and having poured on the macerate, follow with the rest of the 
menstruum. Obtain ten parts of tincture. 



Tinctura Veratri Viridis. 

American Hellebore, No. 50 

powder, 

Alcohol, sufficient to make, 



Tincture of American Hellebore. 



Perc. 



Old Formula. 



16§ 
20 



7,680 grs. 1 63 63 
12,046 " 1.57 94.2 100 



1 All of the useful purposes of a preparation of this strength are better carried 
out by a Fluid Extract, and it is, therefore, proposed to drop this tincture. [Never- 
theless, if the tincture is to be retained, it should be made of the strength of 2 in 3, 
this being the nearest approach to the present strength.] 



Tinctura Zingiberis. 

Ginger, No. 60 powder, 
Alcohol, sufficient to make, 

1 As there is an officinal Fluid Extract of Ginger, it is believed that it would be 
better to make more of a difference than now exists, between it and the tincture, and 
to bring this into the class 1 in 5. Whilst decreasing the strength somewhat, it would 
still be a very powerful stimulant. 







Tincture of Ginger 


New Formula. 

. 1 Perc. 
. 5 


8! 
20 


Old Formula. 

3,840 grs. 1 1 
12,046 " 3.14 t 



Tincturae ex Herbis Recentibus. Tinctures from Fresh Plants. 

1 There seems to be a growing demand among physicians for certain tinctures 



180 

prepared from fresh plants. Some of the latter are of such a nature that, effective 
preparations cannot well be prepared from the dried plants, because during the dry- 
ing, some active volatile substances may be lost, or some other constituent be altered 
or destroyed. In the case 'of others, no tangible chemical or physical cause can 
be adduced for the preference given to preparations made from fresh material, except 
the statements of medical practitioners as to its therapeutic effect. While the pro- 
priety of recognizing these preparations in the U. S. Ph. is a question to be decided 
rather by the medical profession, it will be sufficient to suggest a formula by which 
these tinctures may be prepared uniformly. It is proposed to employ the proportions 
most usually followed, namely, 1 part of the fresh drug and 2 parts of alcohol, the 
amount of moisture in the drug reducing the latter more or less in each case. Should 
the title above suggested for these tinctures be considered too lengthy, they might be 
called Alcoholaturce, as in the French Codex, where they are directed to be prepared 
from equal parts of the juice, and 90$ alcohol, being, therefore, a concentrated kind of 
" Succus." The general formula suggested is the following, in which the dots (....) 
are to be replaced by the name (in the genitive) of the respective plant, f . i. Tinctura 
Thujoe Eecentis, Tincture of Fresh Arbor Vitae, etc: 

Tinctura .... Recentis. Tincture of Fresh .... 

Take of Fresh. ..., cut and bruised, one par t 1 

Alcohol (" Strong. Alcohol"), two parts .... 2 

Macerate the cut and bruised .... with the Alcohol for seven days, fre- 
quently agitating. Then express the tincture, and filter it through paper. 

Tormentilla (d). — Toxicodendron (fresh). — Tragacantha. — * Trimethyla- 
miae Hydrochloras (?). — Triosteum (d). — Triticum. — * Triticum Repens. 
— *Trituratio[nes] (see Elaterium). 

Trochisci. Troches. 

IT In giving the equivalents of the weight of active constituents in each troche, 
approximate figures were used, where a slight difference of dose is of no importance. 
For instance, under Trochisci Magnesiae, each troche is to contain 3 grains of mag- 
nesia, which has been expressed by 0.20 gm. instead of by 0.19. Wherever active 
drugs enter into the composition of the troche, the nearest actual equivalent in centi- 
grammes is given. 

Trochisci Acidi Tannici. Troches of Tannic Acid. 

Take of Tannic Acid, four parts 4 

Sugar, in fine powder, forty parts 40 

Tragacanth, in fine powder, one part 1 

Orange Flower Water, a sufficient quantity . , . q. s. 

Rub the powders together until they are thoroughly mixed; then with the 
Orange Flower Water form a mass to be divided into troches, so that each will 
contain 6 centigrammes (0.06 gm.) or 1 grain of Tannic Acid. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 60 troches. 
Substituting drachm for part , the mass will make 240 troches. 



181 

Trochisci Cretae. Troches of Chalk. 

Take of Prepared Chalk, thirty-two parts 32 

Gum Arabic, in fine powder, eight parts .... 8 

Nutmeg, in fine powder, one part 1 

Sugar, in fine powder, forty-eight parts .... 48 

Eub them together until they are thoroughly mixed; then form a mass 
with water, to be divided into troches, so that each will contain 26 centi- 
grammes (0.26 gm.), or 4 grains of chalk. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 124 troches. 
Substituting scruple for part, the mass will make 160 troches. 



Trochisci Cubebae. Troches of Cubebs. 

Take of Oleoresin of Cubebs, four parts 4 

Oil of Sassafras, one part 1 

Liquorice, in fine powder, thirty-six par ts . ... 36 
Gum Arabic, in fine powder, eighteen parts ... 18 

Sugar, in fine powder, twenty-seven parts . . . .27 
Syrup of Tolu, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Rub the powders together until they are thoroughly mixed; then add the 
Oleoresin and Oil, and incorporate them with the mixture. Lastly, with 
Syrup of Tolu form a mass, to be divided into troches, so that each will con- 
tain 3 centigrammes (0.03 gm.) or £ grain of Oleoresin of Cubebs. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 124 troches. 
Substituting scruple for part, the mass will make 160 troches. 

1 The relation of scruple to gramme is preserved by the figures 160 and 124, which 
is a slightly different relation from that between 3 centigrammes and X grain. But 
in this and other formulae only the nearest approximations were aimed at. 



Trochisci Ferri Subcarbonatis. Troches of Subcarbonate of Iron. 

Take of Subcarbonate of Iron, eighty parts . . . . • . 80 

Vanilla, one part 1 

Sugar, in fine powder, tivo hundred and forty parts . . 240 

Mucilage of Tragacanth, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Rub the Vanilla, cut into fine slices, first with a portion of the Sugar into 
a uniform powder, and afterwards with the Subcarbonate of Iron and the 
remainder of the Sugar until they are thoroughly mixed. Then with Mucil- 
age of Tragacanth form a mass, to be divided into troches, so that each will 
contain 32 centigrammes (0.32 gm.) or 5 grains of the Subcarbonate. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 250 troches. 
Substituting scruple for part, the mass will make 320 troches. 



182 

Trochisci Glycyrrhizae et Opii. Troches of Liquorice and Opium. 

Take of Extract of Opium, dried and in fine powder, two parts . 2 
Liquorice, in fine powder, eighty parts .... 80 

Gum Arabic, in fine powder, forty parts . . . .40 
Sugar, in fine powder, one hundred and twenty parts . 120 
Oil of Anise, one part 1 

Rub the powders together until they are thoroughly mixed; then add the 
Oil of Anise, and incorporate it with the mixture. Lastly form a mass with 
water, to be divided into troches, so that each will contain 3 milligrammes 
(0.003 gm.) or -^ grain of Extract of Opium. 

Substituting decigramme for part, the mass will make 66 troches. 
Substituting grain for part, the mass will make 40 troches. 

Trochisci Ipecacuanhae. Troches of Ipecacuanha. 

Take of Ipecacuanha, in fine powder, one part . . . . 1 
Tragacanth, in fine powder, one part .... 1 

Arrow Root, in fine powder, eight parts .... 8 
Sugar, in fine powder, thirty-two parts .... 32 

Syrup of Orange Peel, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Rub the powders together until they are thoroughly mixed; then with 
Syrup of Orange form a mass, to be divided into troches, so that each will 
contain 16 milligrammes (0.016 gm.), or \ grain of Ipecacuanha. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 62 troches. 
Substituting scruple for part, the mass will make 80 troches. 

Trochisci Magnesiae. Troches of Magnesia. 

Take of Magnesia, twenty-four parts 24 

Nutmeg, in fine powder, one part 1 

Sugar, in fine powder, seventy- 1 wo parts . . ' . .72 
Mucilage of Tragacanth, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Rub the Magnesia and the powders together until they are thoroughly 
mixed; then with Mucilage of Tragacanth form a mass, to be divided into 
troches, so that each will contain 20 centigrammes (0.20 gm.) or 3 grains of 
Magnesia. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 120 troches. 
Substituting scruple for part, the mass will make 160 troches. 

Trochisci Menthae Piperitae. Troches of Peppermint. 

Take of Oil of Peppermint, one part 1 

Sugar, in fine powder, -one hundred and twenty-five parts 125 
Mucilage of Tragacanth, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 



183 

Rub the Oil of Peppermint and the Sugar together until they are thoroughly 
mixed; then with Mucilage of Tragacanth form a mass, to be divided into 
troches, so that each will contain 7 milligrammes (0.007 gm.) or -fa grain of 
Oil of Peppermint. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 150 troches. 
Substituting scruple for part, the mass will make 200 troches. 

T According to the present U. S. Ph., each troche contains 5-48ths grain of Oil of 
Peppermint. 

Trochisci Morphiae et Ipecacuanhae. Troches of Morphia and Ipecacuanha. 

Take of Sulphate of Morphia, two parts 2 

Ipecacuanha, in fine powder, seven parts ... 7 

Sugar, in fine powder, eight hundred parts . . . 800 

Oil of Gaultheria, one part 1 

Mucilage of Tragacanth, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Rub the powders together until they are thoroughly mixed; then add the 
Oil of Gaultheria, and incorporate it with the mixture. Lastly, with Muci- 
lage of Tragacanth form a mass, to be divided into troches, so that each will 
contain 1-& milligrammes (0.0016 gm.) or ^ - grain of Sulphate of Morphia. 

Substituting decigramme for part, the mass will make 125 troches. 
Substituting grain for part, the mass will make 80 troches. 

f The proportions of the present U. S. Ph. are: Sulphate of Morphia, 6; Ipecac, 
20; Sugar, 2,400; Oil of Gaultheria, 3 parts. In reducing these figures, the quantity of 
Ipecac was increased to 21 parts, so as to be divisible by 3. In giving the amount of 
active constituents contained in each troche, it is only necessary to quote one of them, 
namely, the Sulphate of Morphia, for all the other constituents are taken in the pro- 
portions directed by the formula. 

Trochisci Potassii Chloratis. Troches of Chlorate of Potassium. 

Take of Chlorate of Potassium, in fine powder, eighty parts . . 80 
Sugar, in fine powder, two hundred and eighty-eight 

parts . 288 

Tragacanth, in fine powder, thirty-two parts ... 32 

Vanilla, one part 1 

Rub the Vanilla, cut into thin slices, with a small quantity of the Sugar 
into a uniform powder, and mix this thoroughly with the remainder of the 
powders, avoiding trituration and pressure, to prevent the mixture from ignit- 
ing or exploding. Then form a mass with water, to be divided into troches, 
so that each will contain 32 centigrammes (0.32 gm.) or 5 grains of Chlorate of 
Potassium. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 250 troches. 
Substituting scruple for part, the mass will make 320 troches. 

T The present U. S. Ph. uses only the precautionary expression : "avoiding pres- 
sure." It would be preferable to adopt the wording given above, as it is more definite 



184 

and plain, particularly as troches are often made by persons unacquainted with phar- 
macy or chemistry. 

Trochisci Santonini. Troches of Santonin. 

Take of Santonin, in fine powder, one part 1 

Sugar, in fine powder, thirty-six parts .... 36 

Tragacanth, in fine powder, one part 1 

Orange Flower Water, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Eub the powders together until they are thoroughly mixed; then with 
Orange Flower Water form a mass, to be divided into troches, so that each 
will contain 3 centigrammes (0.03 gm.) or £ grain of Santonin. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 33 troches. 
Substituting scruple for part, the mass will make 40 troches. 

Trochisci Sodii Bicarbonatis. Troches of Bicarbonate of Sodium. 

Take of Bicarbonate of Sodium, twenty-four parts .... 24 
Sugar, in fine powder, seventy-two parts .... 72 

Nutmeg, in fine powder, one par t 1 

Mucilage of Tragacanth, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Rub the Bicarbonate of Sodium, Sugar, and Nutmeg together until they 
are thoroughly mixed; then with Mucilage of Tragacanth form a mass, to be 
divided into troches, so that each will contain 20 centigrammes (0.20 gm.) or 
3 grains of Bicarbonate of Sodium. 

Substituting gramme for part , the mass will make 120 troches. 
Substituting scruple for part, the mass will make 160 troches. 

Trochisci Zingiberis. Troches of Ginger. 

Take of Tincture of Ginger, ten parts 10 

Tragacanth, in fine powder, t hree parts 3 

Sugar, in fine powder, one hundred and twenty parts . 120 

Syrup of Ginger, a sufficient quantity . . . q. s. 

Mix the Tincture of Ginger with the Sugar, and having exposed the 
mixture to the air until dry, reduce it to fine powder; to this add the Traga- 
canth, and mix thoroughly. Lastly, with Syrup of Ginger form a mass, to 
be divided into troches, so that each will contain 10 centigrammes (0.10 gm.) 
or 1\ grains of Tincture of Ginger. 

Substituting gramme for part, the mass will make 100 troches. 
Substituting scruple for part, the mass will make 130 troches. 

Ulmus. 

Unguenta. Ointments. 

1! The formulae for ointments have all been constructed so as to yield 100 parts. 



185 

Under Ung. Potass. Iodidi, the term " one-half part " has been retained for this rea- 
son. Ointment of Benzoin (or Benzoated Lard) has been substituted for simple lard 
where it seemed to be advantageous. In many ointments, where the proportions 
have heretofore been 1 of the active substance to 7 of lard or ointment, it would 
probably be an improvement to make the proportion 1 to 9 (or 1 in 10). 

It might be well to add the following line to those formulas where it would be 
appropriate: " This ointment should only be prepared when wanted for dispensing. 

Unguentum. 

1 This has been changed back to Unguentum Simplex (see this). 

Unguentum Acidi Carbolici. Ointment of Carbolic Acid. 

Take of Carbolic Acid, ten parts . 10 

Simple Ointment, ninety parts 90 

Mix them thoroughly. 

1 The present U. S. Ph. directs 1 part of carbolic acid and 7 parts of simple 
ointment. Prof. Stille recommends a strength of 5% ; but in our experience this 
strength is often exceeded, and 10$ appears to be about the average, at least in form 
of ointment. 

* Unguentum Acidi Chrysophanici. Ointment of Chrysophanic Acid. 

Take of Chrysophanic Acid, ten parts .10 

Paraffine Oil, seventy parts 70 

Yellow Wax, thirty parts 30 

Add the Crysophanic Acid to the Paraffine Oil contained in a flask, and 
heat the mixture on a sand-bath to a temperature not exceeding 120° C. (=248° 
F.); then strain it through linen, with strong expression, into the Wax pre- 
viously melted, and stir the mixture constantly while cooling. 

1i If this ointment is to be made officinal, it will be best to retain the above title, 
although the commercial "chrysophanic acid" is really no acid at all. An ointment 
of Goa-powder does not appear to deserve a formula in the U. S. Ph. — The term 
"paraffin oil " in the formula is explained below under the title Unguentum Paraftini. 
Lard or simple ointment may, of course, be used, instead of the paraffin oil and wax ; 
but a mixture of the latter two substances forms an excellent body for the ointment. 

Unguentum Acidi Tannici. Ointment of Tannic Acid. 

Take of Tannic Acid, ten parts ........ 10 

Glycerin, twenty parts 20 

Lard, seventy-four parts 74 

Rub the Tannic Acid with the Glycerin and afterwards with the Lard, 
gradually added, until they are thoroughly mixed, avoiding the use of an iron 
spatula. 

U The U. S. Ph. directs 1 part of 'tannic acid to 16 parts of lard; this is about 6 
per cent. The strength is recommended to be raised to 10#. The addition of glycerin 
is considered an improvement {Hoffmann). 



186 

* Unguentum Aconitiae. Aconitia Ointment. 

Take of Aconitia, two parts 2 

Alcohol ("Stronger Ale"), six par ts 6 

Ointment of Benzoin, ninety-two parts .... 92 

Dissolve the Aconitia in the Alcohol; then incorporate the solution thor- 
oughly with the Ointment of Benzoin by trituration. 

f This is not unfrequently prescribed, and should therefore be defined in strength. 
The Brit. Ph. directs 1 part of aconitia, and about 4 parts of alcohol to 60 parts of 
lard. The above formula makes it 2%. Regarding Aconitia, see the latter on page 12. 

Unguentum Antimonii. Antimonial Ointment. 

Take of Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium, in very fine powder, 

twenty parts . . . - 20 

Simple Ointment, eighty parts 80 

Rub the Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium with the Simple Ointment, 
gradually added, until they are thoroughly mixed. 

1 If this ointment is to be retained, it is better made with simple ointment than 
with lard, as it is not so liable to melt so rapidly and run on surfaces where it is not 
wanted. 

Unguentum Aquae Rosae. Ointment of Rose Water. 

Take of Expressed Oil of Almond, fifty parts 50 

Spermaceti, sixteen parts 16 

Rose Water, twenty-five parts 25 

Paraffin, four parts 4 

Glycerin, four parts 4 

Soap, in fine powder, one part 1 

Melt together, by means of a water-bath, the Oil, Spermaceti, Paraffin, 
and Soap; then gradually add the Glycerin and Rose Water, and stir the 
mixture constantly until cool. 

1 The substitution of paraffin for white wax removes one of the chief causes of 
its liability to become rancid. The addition of a little soap, and replacement of some 
of the rose water by glycerin is believed to be an improvement. Instead of soap, 
borax may be used. 

* Unguentum Atropiae. Ointment of Atropia. 

Take of Atropia, two parts . . . . . . . . .2 

Alcohol ("Stronger Alcohol"), six parts .... 6 

Ointment of Benzoin, ninety-two parts .... 92 

Dissolve the Atropia in the Alcohol; then incorporate the solution thor- 
oughly with the Ointment of Benzoin by trituration. 

1 The strength of this preparation, according to' the Br. Ph., is 1 part of atropia, 
about 4 parts of alcohol, and 60 parts of lard. The above formula makes it 2%. 



18? 

Unguentum Belladonnae. Ointment of Belladonna. 

Take of Alcoholic Extract of Belladonna, ten parts . . . .10 

Diluted Alcohol, six parts 6 

Ointment of Benzoin, eighty-four parts 84 

Rub the Extract with the Diluted Alcohol, until uniformly soft; then gra- 
dually add the Ointment of Benzoin, and thoroughly mix them. 

1 The common, watery extract of belladonna, which is directed by the present U. 
S. Ph., is of very uncertain strength. The alcoholic extract is decidedly more active. 
An ointment containing 10£ of the latter would probably be strong enough. The 
strength of the present ointment is 12£. Dr. Hoffmann proposes to use 3 parts each 
of alcohol and glycerin, instead of the diluted alcohel. 

Unguentum Benzoini. Ointment of Benzoin. Benzoated Lard. 

Take of Tincture of Benzoin, ten parts 10 

Lard, ninety parts 90 

Melt the Lard by means of a water-bath, gradually add the Tincture of 
Benzoin, constantly stirring, and when the alcohol has evaporated, remove 
the ointment from the water-bath, and stir while cooling. 

Present Formula. Approximations. 

Tinct. Benzoin (spec. gr. 0.917) . 2 fl. I 1.74 5.22 5 10 10 

Lard .... 16 I 16 48. 48 96 90 

Ointment of benzoin or benzoated lard has been introduced into many ointments. 

instead of lard, for the purpose of retarding rancidity. 

Unguentum Cantharidis. Ointment of Cantharides. 

Take of Cantharides, in coarse powder, fourteen parts ... 14 

Olive Oil, sixty-eight parts 68 

Yellow "Wax, thirty-three parts 33 

Digest the Cantharides with the Olive Oil in a covered vessel, on a water- 
bath, for 12 hours; then place the vessel for 15 minutes in boiling water, strain 
through muslin, express forcibly, and add the product to the Wax previously 
melted. Finally stir the mixture constantly until it cools. 

T The present U. S. Ph. prepares the Ointment of Canth. by mixing 1 part of Cerate 
of Canth. with 3 parts of Resin Cerate. Besides the incongruity of the name of " oint- 
ment *' in this case, the product is not nearly as satisfactory as when prepared by the 
above formula, which is almost identical with that of the Br. and Germ. Pharm. The 
total quantity of olive oil and wax is 101 parts; some of the olive oil is retained by the 
muslin and cantharides, so that the product will be about 100 parts. 

Unguentum Creasoti. Ointment of Creasote. 

Take of Creasote, six parts 6 

Lard, ninety-four parts 94 

Mix them thoroughly. 

t Present strength: 1 part of creasote to 16 parts of lard. 



188 

* Ung entum Diachylon. Diachylon Ointment. 

Take of Lead Plaster, sixty parts 60 

Olive Oil, thirty-nine parts 39 

Oil of Lavender, one part 1 

Melt the Lead Plaster over a water-bath, then add the Olive Oil. Continue 
the heat for a short time, then remove the vessel from the water-bath, stir 
until it begins to cool, add the Oil of Lavender, and continue stirring until the 
mixture is cold. 

1 This makes a very handsome homogeneous ointment. Cotton-seed oil may be 
used to advantage in pla.ce of olive oil. 

Unguentum Gallae. Ointment of NutgalL 

Take of Nutgall, in very fine powder, ten parts 10 

Glycerin, twenty parts . 20 

Lard, seventy parts 70 

Rub the Nutgall with the Glycerin and afterwards with the Lard, grad- 
ually added, until they are thoroughly mixed. 

1 Present strength: 1 to 7. Raised to 10#. The addition of glycerin lis advocated 
by Dr. Hoffmann. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri. Mercurial Ointment. 

Take of Mercury, fifty parts . . 50 

Lard, twenty-five parts . . . . . . .25 

Suet, tiventy-five parts 25 

Ether, two parts 2 

Mix the Lard with the Ether as rapidly as possible, and triturate the mix- 
ture with the Mercury, until globules of the latter cease to be visible under a 
magnifying power of ten diameters. Then add the Suet, previously melted 
with a gentle heat, and partly cooled again, and incorporate it thoroughly. 

I The extinguishment of the mercury by ether (or chloroform) in presence of lard 
is probably preferable to all other methods. The degree of comminution of the mer- 
cury should be defined, and a magnifying power of ten diameters is perhaps not too 
severe a test. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati. Ointment of Ammoniated Mercury. 

Take of Ammoniated Mercury, in very fine powder, ten parts . 10 
Simple Ointment, ninety parts 90 

Rub the Ammoniated Mercury with the Simple Ointment, gradually added, 
until they are thoroughly mixed. 

II The present strength is 1 to 12 (1 in 13). A strength of 10# is believed to be pref- 
erable.— See also under Unguentum Parajffini. 



189 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Iodidi Rubri. Ointment of Red Iodide of Mercury. 

Take of Red Iodide of Mercury, three parts 3 

Simple Ointment, ninety-seven parts 97 

Rub the Iodide of Mercury with the Simple Ointment, gradually added, 
until they are thoroughly mixed. 

1 The present strength is 1 to 30. — See also Unguentum Parafflni. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis (a). Ointment of Nitrate of Mercury. 

Take of Lard, seventy-six parts 76 

Mercury, seven parts 7 

Nitric Acid, seventeen parts 17 

Melt the Lard, in a glass or porcelain vessel, at a temperrture of 
about 70° C. (=158° F.); add, without stirring, Nitric Acid, seven parts . 7 
and continue the heat as long as a moderate effervescence continues. 
Then allow the mixture to cool. 

Dissolve the Mercury in Nitric Acid, ten parts 10 

with the aid of a sufficient heat to prevent the solution from crystalliz- 
ing. Add this solution to the Lard treated with Nitric Acid, as soon as 
it begins to thicken. 

IT The proportions of the present U. S. Ph. are the following: 

Percentage 
Lard . 16# ■ 33 76.7 76 

Mercury ... \M 3 7 7 

Nitric Acid 3X 7 16.3 17 

100 

The 16.3 parts of nitric acid are not too much, and it would be unwise to reduce the 
quantity to 16 parts. It is much preferable to reduce the lard from 76.7 to 76, and to 
raise the nitric acid to 17 parts. 

The formula given above is that proposed by R. Rother (Pharm. Gaz., 3, 49). From 
the large number of other modifications which have been from time to time proposed, 
the following two are yet selected, as yielding a satisfactory product. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis (£>). Ointment of Nitrate of Mercury. 

Take of Lard, fifty-seven parts 57 

Neat's-foot Oil, eighteen parts 18 

Red Oxide of Mercury, eight parts 8 

Nitric Acid, seventeen parts 17 

Dissolve the Red Oxide of Mercury in the Nitric Acid. Heat the Lard 
and Oil together, in a porcelain basin of about 16 times the intended bulk of 
the product, to 82° C. (=180° F.); then remove the vessel from the heat, and 
add the solution of Nitrate of Mercury with constant stirring, using a glass or 
porcelain spatula, in such quantities at a time that the temperature of the 
mixture will not rise over 104° C. (=220° F.). When effervescence has ceased, 



Lard 


5,760 grs. 


Neat's-foot Oil 


. 1,920 " 


Red Oxide of Mercury . 


780 " 


Nitric Acid 


1,680 " 



190 

and the ointment has cooled to 82° C. (=180° F.), strain through a thin muslin 
strainer. Then stir the ointment occasionally until it is cold. 

1 This is the process recommended by Mr. J. U. Lloyd. His proportions were 
calculated into percentages, thus: 

Percentage. 

288 56.81 f57 

96 18.9 I changed J 18 

39 7.7 | to ] 8 

84 16.5 J ' [17 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Nitratis (c). Ointment of Nitrate of Mercury. 

Take of Lard, seventy-six parts 76 

Mercury, seven parts ........ 7 

Nitric Acid, seventeen parts 17 

Dissolve the Mercury in the Acid, and heat the solution to the tempera- 
ture of 75° C. (=167° F.). Melt the Lard in a porcelain or earthen- ware vessel 
of at least sixteen times the capacity of the intended product, to the tempera- 
ture of 75° C. (=167° F.), and add to it about one-half of the solution of 
mercury. Stir briskly, and when effervescence has nearly ceased, add the 
remainder of the mercury solution in portions, waiting each time until effer- 
vescence has subsided. Finally stir the ointment occasionally while cooling. 

1 This process has been found quite satisfactory in the hands of the writer. The 
temperature of the lard may, without harm, be raised a little higher; but if the opera- 
tor has patience, there is no necessity. — Dr. Ross states that pure, fresh, unsalted 
Butter makes a nice yellow, permanent citrine ointment. He also strongly recom- 
mends it as a base for Ung. Hydr. Ox. Ruhr. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi. Ointment of Yellow Oxide of Mercury. 

Take of Yellow Oxide of Mercury, in very fine powder, ten parts 10 

Simple Ointment, ninety parts . . . . . .90 

Rub the Oxide of Mercury with the Simple Ointment, gradually added, 
until they are thoroughly mixed. 

1 Present strength: 1 of Oxide of Merc, and 7 of Simple Ointment. Was reduced 
to 10#. See also under Unguentum Parafflni. 

Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Rubri. Ointment of Red Oxide of Mercury. 

Take of Red Oxide of Mercury, in very fine powder, ten parts . 10 
Simple Ointment, ninety parts 90 

Rub the Oxide of Mercury with a small quantity of the Simple Ointment 
to perfectly smooth and homogeneous paste, then add the remainder of the 
Simple Ointment and mix the whole thoroughly together. 

T The remarks at the^foot of the preceding paragraph apply also here. See also 
above, under Ung. Hydr. Nit. (c). 



191 

Unguentum Iodinii. Iodine Ointment. 

Take of Iodine, four parts 4 

Iodide of Potassium, one part 1 

"Water, one part 1 

Ointment of Benzoin, ninety-four parts .... 94 

Rub the Iodine first with the Iodide of Potassium and the Water, and then 
with a small quantity of the Ointment until the mixture is perfectly homoge- 
neous. Then add the remainder of the Ointment and mix the whole thor- 
oughly together. 

1 The present proportions, expressed in percentages, are: Iodine, 3.9; Iodide Pot., 
0.78; Water, 1.2; Lard, 94.1£. Ointment of Benzoin is substituted for the latter. 

Unguentum Iodinii Corapositum. Compound Iodine Ointment. 

Take of Iodine, three parts 3 

Iodide of Potassium, six parts 6 

Water, six parts 6 

Ointment of Benzoin, eighty-five parts .... 85 

Rub the Iodine first with the Iodide of Potassium and the Water, and then 
with a small quantity of the Ointment, until the mixture is perfectly homo- 
geneous. Then add the remainder of the Ointment and mix the whole thor- 
oughly together. 

1 The present proportions, expressed in percentages, are: Iodine, 2.7; Iodide Pot., 
5.4; Water, 5.4; Lard, 86.5^. Ointment of Benzoin is substituted for the latter. 

Unguentum Mezerei. Ointment of Mezereon. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Mezereon, eighteen parts . . . .18 

Lard, seventy-two parts . ' 72 

Yellow Wax, ten parts 10 

Melt the Lard and Wax together with a moderate heat, add the Fluid 
Extract and stir the mixture constantly until the alcohol has evaporated, then 
continue to stir while cooling. 

r i Present strength, expressed in percentages, is: Fluid Extract of Mez., 17.9; 
Lard, 71.7; Wax, 10#. The proportions might be made 20:70:10. 

* Unguentum Paraffini. Paraffin Ointment. 

Take of Paraffin Oil, seventy parts 70 

Yellow Wax, thirty parts 30 

Add the Paraffin Oil to the Wax, previously melted on a water-bath, and 
having continued the heat until they are thoroughly mixed, remove the vessel 
and stir the mixture until cold. 

1 The utility of an ointment which would resist rancidity longer than the ordinary 
ointments containing animal or vegetable fats and oils, cannot be questioned. The 



192 

pharmaceutical and medical professions, both here and in Europe, have for several 
years freely used certain products obtained from petroleum, the manufacture of 
which is protected by patents, but the great usefulness of which is generally admitted. 
In the present condition of the ethical feelings of both professions in this country, it 
is pretty certain that the reception of such products into the pharmacopoeia would 
not be tolerated. This Committee has no alternative, therefore, than to offer a substi- 
tute of known composition, which may be prepared by every pharmacist. Paraffin 
Oil, so termed in the above formula, is the particular kind known in commerce as 
Spindle-Oil, and would have to be specially defined and described in its proper alpha- 
betical place in the U. S. Ph. When melted together with Yellow "Wax, in any pro- 
portions, it forms a homogeneous ointment, the consistence of which, of course, 
depends on the proportion of wax. It resists rancidity for a long time, and forms an 
excellent base for such ointments as Ung. Hydrarg. Ammoniati, Iodidi Rubri, Oxidi 
Flavi, Oxidi Rubri, and many others which are liable to deteriorate rapidly. The name 
" Unguentum Paraffini " does not properly express the composition of the mixture, 
but the same may be.said of other terms heretofore suggested, as Oleo-paraffinum, 
Unguentum paraffinatum, Unguentum paraffinosum, etc. 

The Germ. Pharm. Rep. includes, among those remedies which have been declared 
by a majority of replies (specially put for this purpose throughout Germany) as 
demanding recognition by the Pharmacopoeia, the following: 

Virginia Vaseline, a clear, yellowish, fat-like mass, transparent in thin layers, 
completely amorphous, odorless and tasteless, and of the consistence of butter at 
ordinary temperatures. It begins to melt at 47° C, is completely fluid at 50° O, and 
congeals again at 46°-45° O, resuming its former consistence. It should not be 
saponifiable with alkalies.* When shaken with ether, the ethereal solution should 
not redden b'ue litmus-paper moistened with water. 

Unguentum Picis Liquidae. Tar Ointment. 

Take of Tar, fifty parts . .50 

Suet, fifty parts 50 

Mix the Tar with the Suet previously melted with a moderate heat, and 
having strained the mixture through muslin, stir it constantly while cooling. 

If Same strength as at present, 

Unguentum Plumbi Carbonatis. Ointment of Carbonate of Lead. 

Take of Carbonate of Lead, in very fine powder, ten parts , . 10 
Simple Ointment, ninety parts 90 

Rub the Carbonate with the Ointment, gradually added, until they are 
thoroughly mixed. 

1 Present strength 1 to 7. Was made 10#. 

Unguentum Piumbi Iodidi. Ointment of Iodide of Lead. 

Take of Iodide of Lead, in very fine powder, ten parts ... 10 
Simple Ointment, ninety parts 90 

Rub the Iodide of Lead with the Simple Ointment, gradually added, until 
they are thoroughly mixed. * 

1 The remarks made to the preceding § apply also here. 



193 

Unguentum Potassii Iodidi. Ointment of Iodide of Potassium. 

Take of Iodide of Potassium, twelve parts * 12 

Hyposulphite of Sodium, one-half part .... \ 

Water, boiling hot, six parts 6 

Ointment of Benzoin, eighty-two parts . . . . 82 

Dissolve the two salts in the Water, in a warm mortar, then add the 
Ointment of Benzoin gradually, and thoroughly mix them. 

*" To recombine the iodine which is gradually liberated in this ointment, it is better 
to employ the hyposulphite of sodium than caustic soda or potassa, for in presence of 
the latter some iodate is formed, while the hyposulphite causes the formation of 
iodide of sodium which is probably just as effective externally as iodide of potassium. 
Ointment of benzoin was substituted for lard. 

Unguentum Simplex. Simple Ointment. 

SYN. Unguentum. 17. S. Ph. of 1870. 

Take of Lard, eighty parts 80 

Yellow Wax, twenty parts 20 

Melt the Wax and add the Lard gradually, then stir the mixture con- 
stantly while cooling. 

Unguentum Stramonii. Ointment of Stramonium. 

Take of Extract of Stramonium Seed, ten parts . . . .10 

Diluted Alcohol, six parts 6 

Ointment of Benzoin, eighty-four parts ... 84 

Rub the Extract with the Diluted Alcohol until uniformly soft, then grad- 
ually add the Lard and thoroughly mix them. 

r The present U. S. Ph. directs " Extract of Stramonium." without specifying 
whether the inspissated extract of the leaves, or the Irydro-alcoholic extract of the 
seed. The latter is much preferable. Hence the strength may be reduced from 12 to 
in,. See also remarks to Vhg. Bellad. 

Unguentum Sulphuris. Sulphur Ointment. 
Take of Sublimed Sulphur, thirty parts 30 

Ointment of Benzoin, seventy parts . . . . . :o 

Bub the Sulphur with the Lard, gradually added, until they are thoroughly 
mixed. 

1 Present formula: Sulphur, 1: Lard, 2 parts. The addition of alkalies, which is 
often recommended, had better be left to the individual judgment of the prescriber. 

Unguentum Sulphuris Iodidi. Ointment of Iodide of Sulph ur. 

Take of Iodide of Sulphur, in very fine powder, six parts . . g 

Lard, ninety-four parts 94 



194 

Rub the Iodide of Sulphur with the Lard, gradually added, until they are 
thoroughly mixed. 

1 Present strength 1 to 16. 

Unguentum Tabaci. Tobacco Ointment. 

Take of Tobacco, in fine powder, six parts . . • . . . 6 

Water, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Lard, a sufficient quantity . q. s. 

Moisten the Tobacco with a little Water, introduce it into a conical 
glass percolator, and, having pressed it firmly, pour Water upon it, until 

the percolate weighs forty-eight parts 48 

Evaporate this liquid to the consistence of a soft extract, and mix it 
thoroughly with enough Lard, gradually added, to make the product 
weigh one hundred parts 100 

I' Present strength: 1 of tobacco to 16 of lard. 

Unguentum Veratriae. Veratria Ointment. 

Take of Veratria, four parts . . 4 

Ointment of Benzoin, ninety-six parts . . . . 96 

Alcohol (" Stronger Alcohol"), a sufficient quantity . . q. s. 

Rub the Veratria with a small quantity of Alcohol, in a warm mortar, 
until dissolved: then gradually add the Lard and mix thoroughly. 

1" Same strength as at present. 

Unguentum Zinci Oxidi. Ointment of Oxide of Zinc. 

Take of Oxide of Zinc, twenty parts 20 

Ointment of Benzoin, eighty parts 80 

Rub the Oxide of Zinc in a warm mortar with about an equal weight of 
the Ointment, until the mixture is perfectly homogeneous; then add the 
remainder of the Ointment, and mix the whole thoroughly together. 

* Urtica(C7. dioicalu., and U. wrens L.).— Uva Passa.— Uva Ursi.— Valeriana. 
—Vanilla.— Veratria.— Veratrum Album.— Veratrum Viride.— * Viburnum 
Prunifolium (?). 

Vinum Aloes. W™e of Aloes. 

Take of Socotrine Aloes, in fine powder, six parts .... 6 
Cardamom, in moderately fine powder, one part . . 1 

Ginger, in moderately fine powder, one part ... 1 
Sherry Wine, a sufficient quantity q- *• . 

Macerate the powders, for seven days, with 
Sherry Wine, ninety parts . . . " 



195 

with occasional agitation. Then filter through paper, and wash the con- 
tents of the filter with enough Sherry Wine, to make the product weigh 
one hundred parts . . . 100 

If The difference from the present formula is very slight. 

Vinum Antimonii. Wine of Antimony. 

Take of Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium, one part ... 1 
Boiling Distilled Water, fifteen parts . . . . 15 

Sherry Wine, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Dissolve the Tartrate of Antimony and Potassium in the Distilled 
Water, and, while the solution is hot, add 

Sherry Wine, two hundred parts 200 

Then filter, and pass enough Sherry Wine through the filter to make the 
product weigh two hundred and fifty parts . 250 

Tf The present strength is about 1 in 228. That of the Br. Ph. is 1 in 240; that of 
the Germ. Ph. 1 in 250; that of the Fr. Ph. 1 in 300. 

Approximations. 

1 1 

14.5 15 

212 212 



* Vinum Aromaticum. Aromatic Wine 

Take of Wormwood, in coarse powder, one part .... 
Peppermint, in coarse powder, one part .... 

Thyme, in coarse powder, one part 

Sage, in coarse powder, one part 

Rosemary, in coarse powder, one par t .... 
Lavender, in coarse powder, one part .... 
Origanum, in coarse powder, one part .... 
Port Wine, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Macerate the powders with Port Wine, one hundred parts . . 1 00 
for seven days, and express strongly; filter the expressed liquid, and pass 
enough Port Wine, first through the dregs and then through the filter, to 
make the product weigh one hundred parts 100 

T The formula as usually given, and as furnished to the Committee, produces a 
product weighing 120 parts. It was thought to be an improvement to make it one- 
fifth stronger. It is used externally, and the strength of 1 in 100 is better remembered. 

Vinum Colchici Radicis. Wine of Colchicum Root. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Colchicum Root, two parts ... 2 
Sherry Wine, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the Fluid Extract with Sherry Wine, three parts . . 8 





Present Form. 


Exact Weight 


Tart. Antim. and Pot. 


. 32 grs. 


32 grs. 


Dist. Water 


lfl.5 


455.7 " 


Sherry Wine 
(sp. gr. 990) 


. 15 fl. 5 


6,766 " 



196 

and filter through paper. Then wash the filter with enough Sherry Wine 

to make the product weigh five parts . . . . . . 5 

1 The present U. S. Ph. directs the Vin. Colch. Rad. to be made by percolating the 
powdered tuber with Sherry Wine. This is, however, a poor menstruum of the active 
principles, so far as extracting the latter is concerned. Hence it is preferable to use 
the fluid extract 1 . 



Present Formula. 




Approximation. 


Colchicum Root . 6 § 


2,880 grs. 


20 1 2 


Sherry Wine (sp. gr. 0.990) to 16 fl. | 


ab. 7,300 " 


?3 2.5 5 



Vinum Colchici Seminis. Wine of Colchicum Seed. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed, two parts 2 

Sherry Wine, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the Fluid Extract with Sherry Wine, thirteen parts . . 13 

and filter through paper. Then wash the filter with enough Sherry Wine 
to make the product weigh fifteen parts 15 

*i The Fluid Extr. of Colch. Seed was substituted for the seeds themselves, for the 
same reason as given in the preceding note. 

Present Formula. Approximation. 

Colchicum Seed . ; 2-§ 960 grs. 96 2 

Sherry Wine (sp. gr. 0.990) to 16 fl. 3 ab. 7,300 " 730 15 nearly. 

Vinum Ergotae. Wine of Ergot. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Ergot, one part 1 

Sherry Wine, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the Fluid Extract with Sherry Wine, seven parts ... 7 
and filter through paper. Wash the filter with enough Sherry Wine to 
make the product weigh eight parts 8 

If Very nearly of the same strength as at present. 

* Vinum Ferri Amarum. . Bitter Wine of Iran. 

Take of Citrate of Iron and Quinia. one part 1 

Distilled Water, two parts 2 

Tincture of Orange Peel, four parts 4 

Sugar, eight parts 8 

Sherry Wine, twenty-one parts 21 

Dissolve the Citrate of Iron and Quinia in the Distilled Water, and add the 
solution to the Sherry Wine previously mixed with the Tincture of Orange 
Peel. Finally add the Sugar and dissolve by agitation, without heat. 

H Glycerin may be used instead of sugar. 



197 

* Vinum Ferri Citratis. Wine of Citrate of Iro 

Take of Citrate of Iron and Animonium. one part .... 1 

Distilled Water, one part ......... 1 

Sherry Wine, twenty-eight parts 28 

Dissolve the Citrate of Iron and Ammonium in the Distilled Water, and 
add the Sherry Wine. 

•I This preparation is much in demand, and should be introduced. 

Vinum Ipecacuanhae. Wine of Ipecacuanha. 

Take of Fluid Extract of Ipecacuanha, one part .... 1 
Sherry Wine, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the Fluid Extract with 
Sherry Wine, fifteen parts . . . ... . . . 15 

and filter through paper. Wash the filter with enough Sherry Wine to 
make the product weigh sixteen parts 16 

\ Very nearly of the same strength as at present. The U. S. Ph. directs 1 ft. f of 
Fl. Ext. and 15 fl. I of Sherry. 

Vinum Opii (a). Wine of Opium. 

Take of Opium, dried, and in moderately fine powder, sixteen parts 16 
Cinnamon, in moderately fine powder, one part . . 1 

Cloves, in moderately fine powder, one part ... 1 
Sherry Wine, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Mix the powders with 

Sherry Wine, one hundred and ten parts 110 

and macerate for seven days, with occasional agitation; then transfer the 
mixture to a conical percolator, and when the liquid has passed the sur- 
face, gradually pour on Sherry Wine, until the whole percolate weighs 
one hundred and twenty-eight parts 128 

N, B.— Wine of Opium made by the formula of the present U. S. Ph. has a spec, 
gr. of about 1.014; or 1 fl. 1 weighs about 462 grains. 

Present Formula. Exact Weight. Approximations. 

t Opium ..25 960 grs. 96 16 16 "I or 1 grain 

1 Cinnamon . 60 gr. 60 " 6 1 1 of Opium 



Cloves 60 u 60 - 6 1 1 m . " 

Sherry Wine to 16 fl. 5 7,892" 789 128 128 J & rains - 

(sp. gr. 0.990.) 

Vinum Opii (b). Wine of Opium. 

Take of Opium, dried, and in moderately fine powder, ten parts . 10 
Cinnamon, in moderately fine powder, one part . 1 

Cloves, in moderately fine powder, one part ... 1 
Sherry Wine, a sufficient quantity q. 3. 



198 

Mix the powders with 
Sherry Wine, ninety parts . " . . . ... . . .90 

and macerate for seven days, with occasional agitation. Then transfer 
the mixture to a conical percolator, and when the liquid has passed the 
surface, gradually pour on more Sherry Wine, until the whole product 
weighs one hundred parts 100 

In accordance with the recommendation given under Acetum Opii on page 3. it 
is proposed to change the strength of this preparation to 1 in 10. 

This relation may be introduced into many other preparations, without doing 
great violence to their therapeutic effect. It would greatly facilitate calculations in 
prescribing medicines, and would assist the memory in retaining the formulae. 

Vinum Portense. 

Vinum Rhei. Wine of Rhubarb. 

Take of Rhubarb, in moderately coarse powder, sixteen parts . 16 
Canella, in moderately fine powder, one part ... 1 

Sherry Wine, seventy-five parts 75 

Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity . . . . q. s. 

Mix the Sherry Wine with Diluted Alcohol, fifteen parts . . 15 
and moisten the powders, previously mixed together, with a sufficient 
quantity of the mixture; then transfer them to a conical percolator, and 
gradually pour upon them the remainder of the mixture, and afterwards 
more Diluted Alcohol, until the product weighs one hundred and twenty- 
eight parts 128 

1 The strength of the French preparation is 3 in 50; of the British, about 1 in 14: 
of the German, about 1 in 14; of the present U. S. Ph., about 1 in 7. The above pro- 
portions make it 1 in 8. A further improvement would be to make it 1 in 10. 

Vinum Tabaci. Wine of Tobacco. 

Take of Tobacco, in moderately fine powder, one part ... 1 
Sherry Wine, a sufficient quantity q. s. 

Macerate the Tobacco with Sherry Wine, fourteen parts ... 14 
for seven days, with occasional agitation; then express, filter through 
paper, and wash the dregs and filter with enough Sherry Wine to make 
the product weigh fifteen parts 15 

1 Same strength as at present. 

* Vinum Tokayense (?). — Vinum Xericum. — Viola. — * Violar Tricolor. — Xan- 

thorrhiza (d). — Xanthoxyli Cortex. 

1 The present officinal title " Xanthoxylum " is to be altered into "Xanthoxyli 
Cortex," if the berries are likewise made officinal. They form a constituent in 
Syrupus Stillingice Co. 

* Xanthoxyli Bacca. — Zinci Acetas. — * Zinci Bromidum. — Zinci Carbonas 



199 

Praecipitata. — Zinci Chloridum. — * Zinci Iodidum (?). — * Zinci Nitras 
Fusa. — Zinci Oxidum. 

*" Oxide of Zinc can be produced free from chlorine or sulphuric acid only if 
prepared in the wet way, and in small quantities. — Germ. Pharm. Rep. 

Zinci Oxidum Venale. Commercial Oxide of Zinc. 

1 According to Schering, commercial oxide of zinc is never free from lead. There- 
fore, if a solution of oxide of zinc is supersaturated with ammonia, and sulphuretted 
hydrogen carefully added, the lower layer of the metallic sulphide thereby produced 
is brownish or brown, if the oxide was the usual commercial article, or mixed with it. 
—Germ. Pharm. Rep. 

* Zinci Phosphidum. — Zinci Sulphas. 

* Zinci Sulphocarbolas. Sulphocarbolate of Zinc. 

1 The salt is odorless, soluble in 2 parts of water, or 5 parts of alcohol of spec. gr. 
0.830 at 17° C. The solution has an acid reaction. To test the salt, dissolve a sample in 
40 parts of alcohol, decompose it with sulphuretted hydrogen, and test the filtrate for 
calcium, barium, and magnesium. If free sulphuric acid is present, a strip of fitering 
paper saturated with a solution of the salt and dried on the water -bath would be col- 
ored black (Fluckiger). — Germ. Pliarm. Rep. 

Zinci Valerianas. Valerianate of Zinc. 

H Commmercial valerianate of zinc occurs both as anhydrous and as hydrated 
salt, which do not differ much in appearance. It is, therefore, necessary to fix the 
percentage of water, unless it is preferred to demand a salt dried at 100° C. Hydrated 
valerianate of zinc yields on gentle ignition 26.7%, and the anhydrous salt 30.3^ of oxide 
of zinc. The salt is completely soluble in absolute alcohol, and the solution, after 
being decomposed with sulphuretted hydrogen, yields a filtrate which should leave no 
residue on evaporation (Fluckiger).— Germ. Pharm. Rep. 

Zincum. — Zingiber. 






ERRATA AND ADDENDA 



Page. 
7. Line 2 fr. below, read: four hundred and twenty-one parts (421), instead 
of: forty-six parts (46). 

11. Substitute the following, in place of the formula there given. 

Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum. Aromatic Sulphuric Acid. 

Take of Sulphuric Acid, one hundred and fifty jparts . . . 150 
Tincture of Ginger, forty-five parts .... 45 

Oil of Cassia, one part 1 

Alcohol (" Stronger Alcohol"), a sufficient quantity . q. s. 

Add the Sulphuric Acid gradually to 

Alcohol, seven hundred parts 700 

and allow the mixture to cool. Then add to it the Tincture of Ginger 
and the Oil of Cassia, and afterwards a sufficient quantity of Alcohol, to , 
make the product weigh one thousand parts 1000 

1 The formula given on page 11 produces an unsatisfactory product, as it invaria- 
bly deposits a sediment. The above formula yields an unexceptionable product. 
The percentage of sulphuric acid is, as nearly as possible, the same as in the formula 
of the present U. S. Pharm.. namely 19£. 

19. To»Aluminii Sulphas add: 

r If the process for preparing this salt should be retained in the Pharmacopoeia, 
ft would have to be modified in accordance with the improvements proposed by 31 r. 
J. U. Lloyd (see New Rem.. 1879, 237). 

26. Add: * Chelidonium (?). 

32. Under Collodium, the directions should read as follows: 
Introduce the Gun-Cotton, well-picked, into a tared flask containing the 
Alcohol, and allow it to stand for 15 minutes, occasionally shaking. Then 
weigh into it the Ether, and agitate until the Gun-Cotton is dissolved. 

47. Add: * Extractum Glycyrrhizae Purificatum. 

49. Line 2 fr. below: read Procter, instead of Proctor. 

64. Gelatina. If it were not for long custom, it would be better if this 
word had the termination -ion. 

64 and 65. Under Glyceritum Acidi Carbolici, G. A. Gallici, G. A. Tan- 
nici and G. Sodii Boratis, the quantity of glycerin should !>»• four 
parts (4), instead of five (5). 



202 

77. Line 9 fr. top: dele: accordingly. 

79. Line 20, read: with Acetic Acid, instead of: Acetic Acid. 

87. Under Liquor Guttapercha read: Commercial Chloroform, instead of : 
Chloroform. 

87. Under Liquor Hydrargyri Nitratis, first formula, read: Nitric Acid. 
sixty-seven parts (67), instead of ninety-one parts (91). 

96. Under Mistura Cretae, read each time: thirty parts (30), instead of: 
three hundred parts (300). 

Another formula for Mistura Cretae may be constructed as follows: 

Take of Compound Powder of Chalk, two parts .... 2 

Cinnamon Water, fifteen parts 15 

Water, fifteen parts 15 

Rub the Compound Powder of Chalk (see below) with the Cinnamon 
Water and Water gradually added, and mix them thoroughly together. 

96. Under Mistura Glycyrrhizae Co., dele in "fine powder," after Puri- 
fied Extract of Liquorice. 

105. Add: * Persio (Cudbear; see Tinctura Persionis). 

114. Add: * Pulvis Cretae Compositus. Compound Powder of Chalk. 

Take of Precipitated Carbonate of Calcium, two parts . . .2 
Gum Arabic, in fine powder, one part .... 1 

Sugar, in fine powder, one part 1 

Rub them together until they are thoroughly mixed. 

1 This is recommended as a convenient basis for making Mistura Cretce. Precipi- 
tated Carbonate of Calcium, substituted for common chalk, makes a nicer mixture, 
not liable to be lumpy. 

135. Under Syrupus Ferri Bromidi read: "Simple Syrup" for: Syrup. 
The same correction is to be made in a few other syrups. 

143. Line 23, read: " Red Saunders or, " instead of : "Santalof." 

147. Under Syrupus Rubi Idaei read in each case: Raspberry for Straw- 
berry. 

159. Tinctura Cannabis (a and b) should read: Tinctura Cannabis Indicae. 

175. Line 8 fr. top. Read: thoroughly, for: thorough. 

* The asterisk should be prefixed to: * Oleum Thymi, * Syr. Ferri Lacto- 
phosphatis, *Syr. Ferri Quiniae et Strychniae Phosphatum, * Syrupus 
Phosphatum Co. (6). 



LBFe'H 



■mu 




m 

■ 



■HI; 



■ 



